Basic Neurochemistry

974 Pages·2008·15.68 MB·English

Basic Neurochemistry
MOLECULAR, CELLULAR AND MEDICAL ASPECTS
seventh edition
editor-in-chief
George J. Siegel, MD
Chief of Neurology Service, Edward Hines Jr. Veteran Affairs Hospital
Professor of Neurology and of Cell Biology,Neurobiology & Anatomy,
Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine
Maywood, Illinois
editors
R. Wayne Albers, Ph.D. Scott T. Brady, Ph.D. Donald L. Price, M.D.
Chief of Section on Enzymes Professor and Head Professor, Departments of
Laboratory of Neurochemistry Department of Anatomy and Neurology and Neuroscience
National Institute of Neurological Cell Biology Director, Division of
Disorders and Stoke University of Illinois at Chicago Neuropathology,
National Insiitutes of Health Chicago, Illinois The Johns Hopkins University
Bethesda, Maryland School of Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland
AMSTERDAM (cid:127) BOSTON (cid:127) HEIDELBERG (cid:127) LONDON
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Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
Art editing: R. Wayne Albers
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Copyright © 2006, American Society for Neurochemistry. All rights reserved.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
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ISBN 13: 978-0-12-088397-4
ISBN 10: 0-12-088397-X
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Printed in Canada
05 06 07 08 09 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Section Editors ix chapter 7
Contributors xi Cell Adhesion Molecules 111
Acknowledgments and History xix David R. Colman
Preface xxi Marie T. Filbin
Tribute to Pierre Morell xxiii
chapter 8
The Cytoskeleton of Neurons and Glia 123
Gustavo Pigino
PART I
Laura L. Kirkpatrick
Cellular Neurochemistry and Neural Membranes 1 Scott T. Brady
chapter 1 chapter 9
Neurocellular Anatomy 3 Intracellular Traffi cking 139
Cedric S. Raine Gustavo Pigino
Gerardo Morfi ni
chapter 2
Scott T. Brady
Cell Membrane Structures and Functions 21
R. Wayne Albers
chapter 3
Lipids 33 PART II
Joyce A. Benjamins
Intercellular Signaling 165
Amiya K. Hajra
Bernard W. Agranoff chapter 10
Synaptic Transmission and Cellular Signaling:
chapter 4
An Overview 167
Myelin Formation, Structure and Biochemistry 51
Ronald W. Holz
Richard H. Quarles
Stephen K. Fisher
Wendy B. Macklin
Pierre Morell chapter 11
chapter 5 Acetylcholine 185
Membrane Transport 73 Palmer Taylor
R. Wayne Albers Joan Heller Brown
George J. Siegel
chapter 12
chapter 6 Catecholamines 211
Electrical Excitability and Ion Channels 95 Michael J. Kuhar
Bertil Hille Kenneth Minneman
William A. Catterall E. Christopher Muly
v
vi Contents
chapter 13 PART IV
Serotonin 227
Growth, Development and Differentiation 435
Julie G. Hensler
chapter 25
chapter 14
Development 437
Histamine 249
Jean de Vellis
Lindsay B. Hough
Ellen Carpenter
Rob Leurs
chapter 26
chapter 15
Transcription Factors in the Central Nervous
Glutamate 267
System 459
Bjørnar Hassel
James Eberwine
Raymond Dingledine
chapter 27
chapter 16
Growth Factors 471
GABA and Glycine 291
Gary E. Landreth
Richard W. Olsen
Heinrich Betz chapter 28
Axonal Transport 485
chapter 17
Gerardo A. Morfi ni
Purinergic Systems 303
David L. Stenoien
Joel Linden
Scott T. Brady
Diane L. Rosin
chapter 29
chapter 18
Stem Cells in the Nervous System 503
Peptides 317
Alison K. Hall
Richard E. Mains
Robert H. Miller
Betty A. Eipper
chapter 30
PART III Axonal Growth in the Adult Mammalian Nervous
System: Regeneration and Compensatory
Intracellular Signaling 333
Plasticity 517
chapter 19 Gwendolyn L. Kartje
G Proteins 335 Martin E. Schwab
Eric J. Nestler
Ronald S. Duman PART V
chapter 20 Metabolism 529
Phosphoinositides 347
chapter 31
Anne M. Heacock
Energy Metabolism of the Brain 531
Stephen K. Fisher
Mary C. McKenna
chapter 21 Rolf Gruetter
Cyclic Nucleotides in the Nervous System 361 Ursula Sonnewald
Ronald S. Duman Helle S. Waagepetersen
Eric J. Nestler Arne Schousboe
chapter 22 chapter 32
Calcium 379 Hypoxic–Ischemic Brain Injury and Oxidative
Gary S. Bird Stress 559
James W. Putney Jr Laura L. Dugan
Jeong Sook Kim-Han
chapter 23
Serine and Threonine Phosphorylation 391 chapter 33
James A. Bibb Eicosanoids, Docosanoids, Platelet-Activating Factor and
Eric J. Nestler Infl ammation 575
Nicolas G. Bazan
chapter 24
Tyrosine Phosphorylation 415 chapter 34
Lit-Fui Lau Metabolic Encephalopathies 593
Richard Huganir Roger F. Butterworth
Contents vii
chapter 35 chapter 46
Apoptosis and Necrosis 603 Neurotransmitters and Disorders of the Basal
Mark P. Mattson Ganglia 761
Nicolas G. Bazan Thomas Wichmann
Mahlon R. DeLong
PART VI
chapter 47
Inherited and Neurodegenerative Diseases 617 Neurobiology of Alzheimer’s Disease 781
Philip C. Wong
chapter 36
Tong Li
Peripheral Neuropathy 619
Donald L. Price
David Pleasure
chapter 48
chapter 37
Molecular Basis of Prion Diseases 791
The Epilepsies: Phenotype and Mechanisms 629
John Collinge
John W. Gibbs
Jonathan D. F. Wadsworth
James O. McNamara
chapter 38
PART VII
Diseases Involving Myelin 639
Richard H. Quarles Sensory Transduction 805
Pierre Morell
chapter 49
Henry F. McFarland
Molecular Biology of Vision 807
chapter 39 Hitoshi Shichi
Genetics of Neurodegenerative Diseases 653
chapter 50
Lars Bertram
Molecular Biology of Olfaction and Taste 817
Rudolph E. Tanzi
Steven D. Munger
chapter 40
chapter 51
Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism 667
Molecular Biology of Hearing and Balance 833
Marc Yudkoff
Peter G. Gillespie
chapter 41
Lysosomal and Peroxisomal Diseases 685
PART VIII
Hugo W. Moser
Neural Processing and Behavior 841
chapter 42
chapter 52
Diseases of Carbohydrate, Fatty Acid and Mitochondrial
Endocrine Effects on the Brain and Their Relationship to
Metabolism 695
Behavior 843
Salvatore DiMauro
Bruce S. McEwen
Darryl C. De Vivo
chapter 53
chapter 43
Learning and Memory 859
Disorders of Muscle Excitability 713
Joe Z. Tsien
Juan M. Pascual
Basil T. Darras chapter 54
The Neurochemistry of Schizophrenia 875
chapter 44
Joseph T. Coyle
Motor Neuron Diseases 731
Donald L. Price chapter 55
Steven Ackerly Neurobiology of Severe Mood and Anxiety
Lee J. Martin Disorders 887
Vassilis Koliatsos J. John Mann
Philip C. Wong Dianne Currier
Jorge A. Quiroz
chapter 45
Husseini K. Manji
Neurodegenerative α-Synucleinopathies and
Tauopathies 745 chapter 56
Michel Goedert Addiction 911
Maria Grazia Spillantini Marina E. Wolf
viii Contents
chapter 57 Boxes
Pain 927 Box 3-1, Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored
Michael Costigan Proteins 47
Joachim Scholz
Box 17-1, Inherited Diseases of Purine Metabolism 307
Tarek Samad
George J. Siegel
Clifford J. Woolf
Box 20-1, Does the Action of Li+ on the
chapter 58
Phosphoinositide Labeling Cycle Explain the Therapeutic
Neuroimaging 939
Action of Li+ in Manic Depressive Psychosis? 356
J. Eric Jensen
Perry F. Renshaw Box 32-1, Hydrogen Sulfi de: Potential Neuroprotectant
Dean F. Wong and Neuromodulator 573
Weiguo Ye George J. Siegel
Glossary 963 Box 46-1, Summary of Polyglutamine Repeat
Amino Acids in Proteins 968 Disorders 779
Index 969 Sangram Sisodia
Section Editors
Part 1: Cellular Neurochemistry and Neural Membranes
Joyce A. Benjamins, Ph.D.
Part 2: Intercellular Signaling
Stephen K. Fisher, Ph.D.
Part 3 : Intracellular Signaling
R. Wayne Albers, Ph.D.
Part 4: Growth, Development and Differentiation
Jean de Vellis, Ph.D.
Part 5: Metabolism
Nicolas Bazan, M.D., Ph.D.
Part 6: Inherited and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Sangram S. Sisodia, Ph.D.
Part 7: Sensory Transduction
R. Wayne Albers, Ph.D.
Part 8: Neural Processing and Behavior
Joseph T. Coyle, M.D.
ix
Contributors
Steven Ackerly, Ph.D. 4201 St. Antoine
Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology Detroit, Michigan 48201
The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Ross 558, 720 Rutland Avenue Lars Bertram, M.D.
Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Assistant Professor of Neurology, Harvard Medical School
Massachusetts General Hospital
Bernard W. Agranoff, M.D. 114 16th Street
Ralph Waldo Gerard Professor of Neurosciences Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
in Psychiatry
Professor of Biological Chemistry, Molecular Heinrich Betz, M.D.
and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute Director, Department of Neurochemistry
University of Michigan Max Planck Institute for Brain Research
205 Zina Pitcher Place Deutschordenstraße 46
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0720 D-60528 Frankfurt/Main
Germany
R. Wayne Albers, Ph.D.
Chief of Section on Enzymes James Bibb, Ph.D.
Laboratory of Neurochemistry Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry
National Institute of Neurological Disorders UT Southwestern Medical Center
and Stroke 5323 Harry Hines Blvd
National Institutes of Health Dallas, Texas 75390-9070
Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4130
Gary St. John Bird, Ph.D.
Nicolas Bazan, M.D., Ph.D. Staff Scientist, Laboratory of Signal Transduction
Boyd Professor, Ernest C. and Yvette C. Villere Professor National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences,
of Ophthalmology, Biochemistry and Molecular National Institutes of Health
Biology and Neurology 111, T.W. Alexander Drive, PO Box 12233
Director, Neuroscience Center of Excellence Research Triangle Park
Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center North Carolina 27709
2020 Gravier Street
New Orleans, Louisiana 70112 Scott T. Brady, Ph.D.
Professor and Head, Department of Anatomy and
Joyce A. Benjamins, Ph.D. Cell Biology
Professor and Associate Chair for Research University of Illinois at Chicago
Department of Neurology 808 S. Wood Street, Room 578 (M/C 512)
Wayne State University Chicago, Illinois 60612
xi
xii Contributors
Roger F. Butterworth, Ph.D., D.Sc. Basil T. Darras, M.D.
Director, Neuroscience Research Unit Director, Neuromuscular Program,
Hôpital Saint-Luc Children’s Hospital Boston
1058 Saint-Denis Professor of Neurology (Pediatrics),
Montreal, Quebec H2X 3J4, Canada Harvard Medical School
300 Longwood Ave, Fegan II
Ellen Carpenter, Ph.D. Boston, Massachusetts 02115
Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral
Sciences Mahlon R. DeLong, M.D.
Mental Retardation Research Center Professor and Director of Neuroscience
Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior Emory University School of Medicine
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Department of Neurology, Suite 6000
University of California, Los Angeles 101 Woodruff Circle
Los Angeles, California 90095-1759 Atlanta, Georgia 30322
William A. Catterall, Ph.D. Jean de Vellis, Ph.D.
Professor and Chair, Department of Professor of Neurobiology
Pharmacology Mental Retardation Research Center
University of Washington School of Medicine Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior
Mailstop 357280, Room H-409 David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
Health Science Building University of California, Los Angeles
Seattle, Washington 98195-7280 Los Angeles, California 90095-1759
David R. Colman, Ph.D. Darryl C. De Vivo, M.D.
Director, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital Sidney Carter Professor of Neurology
3801 University Street Associate Chairman for Pediatric Neurosciences
Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4 and Developmental Neurobiology
Canada Founding Director of the Colleen Giblin Research
Laboratories for Pediatric Neurology
John Collinge, C.B.E, F.R.S. The Neurological Institute of New York at
Director of MRC Prion Unit & Head of Department of Columbia University
Neurodegenerative Disease 710 W 168 Street
Institute of Neurology, University College London New York 10032-3784
Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG
United Kingdom Salvatore DiMauro, M.D.
Lucy G. Moses Professor of Neurology
Michael Costigan, Ph.D. 4-420 College of Physicians & Surgeons
Instructor in Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School 630 West 168th Street
Neural Plasticity Research Group, Department of New York 10032
Anesthesia and Critical Care
Massachusetts General Hospital Raymond Dingledine, Ph.D.
149 13th Street Professor and Chair, Department of
Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129 Pharmacology
Emory University School of Medicine
Joseph T. Coyle, M.D. 1510 Clifton Road
Eben S. Draper Professor of Psychiatry, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
Harvard Medical School
McLean Hospital Laura L. Dugan, M.D.
115 Mill Street Professor and Larry L. Hillblom Chair in
Belmont, Massachusetts 02478 Geriatric Medicine
Department of General Medicine,
Dianne Currier, Ph.D. Geriatrics
Staff Associate, Department of Psychiatry University of California,
Columbia University San Diego – Health Sciences
1051 Riverside Drive 9500 Gilman Drive, MC0665
New York 10032 La Jolla, California 92093
Contributors xiii
Ronald S. Duman, Ph.D. Rolf Gruetter, Ph.D.
Professor of Psychiatry and Pharmacology Professor and Head, Laboratory of Functional and
Director of the Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities Metabolic Imaging
Yale University School of Medicine Professor, Department of Radiology,
34 Park Street, Room S308 University of Lausanne Medical School
New Haven, Connecticut 06508 Professor, Department of Radiology,
University of Geneva Medical School
James H. Eberwine, Ph.D. Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne
Professor, Department of Pharmacology and Psychiatry Institut for Complex Matter Physics
University of Pennsylvania Medical Center Station 3
36th and Hamilton Walk Lausanne CH-1015
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 Switzerland
Betty A. Eipper, Ph.D. Amiya K. Hajra, Ph.D.
Professor of Neuroscience Professor of Biological Chemistry and
University of Connecticut Health Center Senior Research Scientist
263 Farmington Ave Department of Biological Chemistry
Farmington, Connecticut 06030-3401 University of Michigan
1301 E. Catherine
Marie T. Filbin, Ph.D. Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0606
Professor, Department of Biological Sciences
Director, Specialised Neuroscience Alison K Hall, Ph.D.
Research Program Associate Professor Neurosciences and
Hunter College, City University of New York Pharmacology
3801 University Avenue, Room 636 Case Western Reserve University School of
New York 10021 Medicine
2119 Abington Rd.
Stephen K. Fisher, Ph.D. Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4975
Department of Pharmacology/Molecular
and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute Bjørnar Hassel, M.D., Ph.D.
The University of Michigan Medical School Senior Scientist
C560 MSRBII, 1150 West Medical Center Dr. Norwegian Defence Research Establishment
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0669 PO Box 25
Kjeller, N-2027
John W. Gibbs III, M.D., Ph.D. Norway
Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine
Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University Anne Heacock, Ph.D.
East Carolina Neurology, Inc. Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience
2280 Hemby Lane Institute
Greenville, North Carolina 27834 University of Michigan
C560, MSRB II, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive
Peter G. Gillespie, Ph.D. Ann Arbor, Michigan 48019-0669
Professor of Otolaryngology and Cell Biology
Oregon Hearing Research Center & Joan Heller-Brown, Ph.D.
Vollum Institute Professor and Chair, Department of
Oregon Health & Science University Pharmacology
L335A, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Pk. Rd. University of California, San Diego
Portland, Oregon 97239 BSB Room 3024, 9500 Gilman Drive
La Jolla, California 92093-0636
Michel Goedert, M.D., Ph.D.
Joint Head of Neurobiology Division Julie G. Hensler, Ph.D.
Medical Research Council Laboratory of Associate Professor, Department of
Molecular Biology Pharmacology, MC 7764
Hills Road The University of Texas Health Science Center
Cambridge CB2 2QH 7703 Floyd Curl Drive
United Kingdom San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900