Booklet Masterclass Lisbon

31 Pages·2016·3.21 MB·English

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Masterclass
City Making & Tourism Gentrification Lisbon 2016
Content
1 Foreword 5
Miguel Coelho
2 Introduction 7
Marc Glaudemans
3 Master Class Program 13
4 Master Class Process and Method 15
Marc Glaudemans & Igor Marko
Proposal I 17
Hey Mouraria, put on your glasses!
Proposal II 21
Namouraria - Communication board
Proposal III 23
Living library
Proposal IV 25
VAI-VEM Mouraria - Tuk-tuk as a win-win
Proposal V 27
Agency for co-investment
Proposal VI 29
Urban Wheel Canvas
Proposal VII 31
Good Data for Good Policy
5 What can be done to resist or mitigate tourism gentrification in Lisbon? 35
Luís Mendes
6 Foreign investment and the commodification of Lisbon’s Historic Center under austerity. 43
Iago Lestegás
7 Ten Theses upon the Historical Centre of Lisbon 49
João Seixas
8 Afterword 55
Leonor Duarte and Joana Dias
9 Participants and Staff 57
Colophon 58
Master Class 2016 2 3 Stadslab City-Making & Tourism Gentrification Lisbon
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Foreword
Miguel Coelho
President of the Parish Council of Santa Maria Maior
Translation to English by Iago Lestegás
Santa Maria Maior is a unique territory. It includes the most process of gentrification that may be happening in Mouraria, is
emblematic neighborhoods in Lisbon. It combines the most thus of great importance and significance. As such, the Parish
modern with the traditional. While we have the Michelin-star Council of Santa Maria Maior is publically grateful for this volun-
restaurants, the opera, and the theater on one of the hills, on the tary entrepreneurship.
opposite one we have the intangible world heritage of Fado, the
marchas populares, the grilled sardines out on the street. Obviously, we must also give special acknowledgement to
professor Marc Glaudemans and Igor Marko for the brilliant
Besides that, it is a cultural mixture of residents of diverse nations direction of the Masterclass, which had the merit of materializing
providing a very particular originality –especially in Alfama and in real proposals after a week of work.
Mouraria but also in Castelo, Baixa, and Chiado.
It is now our duty as public and private stakeholders to catch
It is the combination of these factors that turns the Heart of on this content and use it for the sake of Santa Maria Maior, of
Lisbon into the main tourist destination within the city. Its authen- Lisbon, and even of Portugal.
ticity has been highligted as one of the main tourist attraction
forces.
But the unregulated tourism load is not always compatible with
sustainable development. We find examples of this everyday in
large cities such as Barcelona or Berlin, or in little Cinque Terre in
Italy. In these examples, public institutions have already intro-
duced specific policies for addressing the impacts of tourism on
economic activity.
Mouraria is one of our examples of that sustainable develop-
ment that is at risk. It is true that tourism has been –with real
estate investment– a driver of development in one of the most
emblematic neighborhoods in our parish. However, we must
address its impact with particular attention. Analyzing the situa-
tion, paying attention to other examples, reflecting on its causes
and effects, defining correct policies, and implementing them is
always a good start.
This work, started by Academia Cidadã in order to study a
Master Class 2016 4 5 Stadslab City-Making & Tourism Gentrification Lisbon
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Introduction: Tourism Gentrification &
City-Making – A Wicked Challenge
Marc Glaudemans
Director Stadslab European Urban Design Laboratory, Tilburg
At the moment of writing this introduction, late August 2016, I income of only around € 1.000.3 In addition, the housing market
am sure that Lisbon is witnessing another surge in visitors from in Lisbon is one of the most unbalanced in Europe. Due to
all corners of the world. The global rise of tourism is starting to historical regulations large parts of the rental housing stock in
have a noticeable and lasting effect on cities on the tourist trail. downtown Lisbon have had a rental freezing for over decades,
Lisbon is clearly in that league; it has seen a huge increase of resulting in € 40–100 rents for apartments in the city centre. This
foreign visitors over the past decade, and tourism is becoming a has led to a massive vacancy rate, since property owners can
real factor in understanding the urban development and urban impossibly finance the maintenance of historical property from
future of Lisbon.1 This can also be stated more generally. Tourism such meagre revenues. The property market in Lisbon, with its
may well become one of the decisive and disruptive forces that attractive urban scenery and beautiful apartments and histori-
will shape cities in the early 21st century. Many European cities, cal palace-like architecture, suddenly became very attractive
such as Venice, Barcelona, Berlin and Amsterdam are suffering for foreign developers and real estate agents. Moreover, there
from excessive tourism, with overcrowding at the top sites and are few restrictions on foreign property ownership in Portugal
attractions.2 The ever-growing popularity of accessible platforms and transaction costs are generally low. 4 All in all, these factors
such as Airbnb and Booking.com is pushing the number of city have resulted in an extremely strained situation in which the
visitors up year after year. In Lisbon the rise of tourism coincides transformation of formerly regular housing into short-term holiday
with a slow recovery after the deep economic crisis that started apartments and the buying up of prime real estate by foreign
in 2008. First, rigorous austerity measures – often forced upon Por- owners is significantly disrupting the housing market in the city.
tugal by international institutions such as IMF and ECB – pushed Local residents are pushed out and in some cases evicted
many people into unemployment and poverty and made them from their houses and neighbourhoods in favour of an urban
look for alternative means of securing an income. Second, the regeneration that serves the tourism industry or international real
exceptionally low interest rates and the unprecedented Europe- estate. In concordance with the changes in the residents profile
an Central Bank asset purchase program has caused a massive also the retail profile of neighbourhoods transforms to cater for
influx of virtually ‘free’ money and a search for profitable invest- tourists rather than regular residents. The specific Lisbon case has
ments outside the financial sector. Both these economic factors furthermore resulted in a quite radical change in the use and
together with the rise of tourism have resulted in a virulent cock- shape of urban transportation. Traditional trams have become a
tail with a huge impact on the city of Lisbon. How so? Well, first tourist destination and essentially useless as a means of public
of all, the opportunity to rent a part of your apartment to foreign transport. The huge influx of tuk-tuks in the streets of Lisbon may
visitors created an attractive business model for local people to serve as a means of generating income for small entrepreneurs,
compensate their decreasing income due to the financial crisis. but in actual practice they clog up the streets, they are noisy
and their prices are far out of reach of local residents, who
The revenues of such short-term rental proved to easily surpass might otherwise actually have used them as a means of public
the income of a regular job in a country with a median monthly
1 https://citiesintransition.eu/publication/we-all-are-tourists 3 http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/countries/portugal/
2 http://blog.euromonitor.com/2016/01/top-100-city-destinations-ranking-2016.html 4 http://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Europe/Portugal/Price-History
Master Class 2016 6 7 Stadslab City-Making & Tourism Gentrification Lisbon
transport. 5 Still, this is just an incomplete list of all the aspects of with ‘wicked problems’ and come up with new and unforeseen more social-economical or within the spheres of monitoring and the world, will have to incrementally respond, anticipate and test
urban life and the functioning of the city under the influence of solutions.6 In addition, adding the design component to city- regulating. Imagining and visualizing the impact of these propos- new models and regulations and find out their impact on urban
an increasing impact of tourism. The gentrification aspect is a making, enables a wider participation of the community to be als in case-specific and real-life situations in Mouraria helped to life. As indicated before, this issue seems to be firmly positioned
significant but certainly not the only consequence of urbaniza- involved in the development of strategies that merge bottom-up fine-tune and improve the proposals and identify the role of the within the realm of the ‘wicked problems’:
tion affected by tourism. with top-down approaches and interests. Urban planning and different stakeholders and the spatial or regulatory framework
design in the 21st century will have to be more inclusive and that could help to maximize their impact. Clearly, these Master “A wicked problem is a social or cultural problem that is difficult or
For Stadslab the case of Lisbon has been a very demanding but multi-disciplinary, since we realize that the complexity of urban Class proposals are semi-final products at most. All of them need impossible to solve for as many as four reasons: incomplete or con-
extremely valuable research subject. Within Lisbon we focused processes far outstretches the capacities of our disciplines further development and a rigorous confrontation with the local tradictory knowledge, the number of people and opinions involved,
on the district of Mouraria, the original Moorish quarter of the alone. legal, cultural and political mechanisms. This is a process best the large economic burden, and the interconnected nature of
city. Close to the already overcrowding areas of Alfama and Facilitating the dialogue between different stakeholders on the taken over by a more local and embedded stakeholder or coali- these problems with other problems.” 7
Castelo, Mouraria is a historical, poor blue-collar neighbour- desired outcomes of an urban regeneration strategy is a valu- tion of stakeholders (both public and private). The Master-Class
hood, cradle of the Fado, and since centuries a multi-ethnic able contribution that designers can make. The use of design objective was to present this rich variety of strategies that could It might be a sobering conclusion for some, but solutions to wick-
district with migrants from all corners of the world. It never was a as a visualisation and research tool will help stakeholders to be applied and would contribute to a city-making process that ed problems can never be true or false, only be good or bad.
typical tourist destination, probably due to its reputation of being understand the impact of certain decisions. In the Stadslab is inclusive and ultimately aimed at a balanced development There is no idealized end state to arrive at, and so approaches to
somewhat rough and unsafe, but increasingly tourists find their approach this is the main role of design. As a nomadic think- weighing in the stakes of residents, local authorities, businesses wicked problems should be tractable ways to improve a situation
way here, thanks to successful urban regeneration projects and tank we will not be involved in the actual implementation of the and tourists. rather than solve it.8 In addition, there is no template to follow
investments in public space. Different categories of tourists look urban transformation but serve as a catalyst to foster the dia- Reality is ever more difficult and obstinate than any laboratory when tackling a wicked problem, although history may provide
for different kinds of sights and forms of entertainment. Tradition- logue and align stakeholders to adopt a common strategy or condition can simulate. This is certainly the case regarding the a guide. Teams that approach wicked problems must literally
al blue-collar, residential districts close to downtown are being vision. The process and the outcomes of the Master Class reflect understanding of complex urban phenomena. Global (urban) make things up as they go along.9 Designers have a talent and
transformed into ‘hipster’ kind of places, with fancy coffee shops, this approach. First, participants were asked to truly engage and tourism is on the rise and we cannot foresee how exactly it will natural inclination to operate like that, and come to their propos-
artisanal products and restaurants and galleries with local art. empathise with the local situation and stakeholders to grasp the evolve in the future. Platforms such as Airbnb and similar ‘shared als through an approach of rigorous iteration. Due to the system
range and extent of the issues at stake. This process included economy’ initiatives are still in their infancy and already they qualities of complex urban problems, knowledge of science,
European cities in general will face similar challenges due to conversations with experts, representatives of local authorities, have massively disrupted the tourism and lodging industry. economics, statistics, technology, politics, and more are neces-
the changing nature of tourism and the urban economy. How social workers, and residents and, of course, visitors and tourists. Ultimately it is the task of local and national governments to sary for effective change. This demands interdisciplinary collabo-
can we as designers relate our skills and expertise to these Even though this problem definition phase is necessarily brief implement and enforce legal regulations to balance out the ration, and most importantly, perseverance.
relatively new challenges? At first sight, many of these changes and incomplete, it does create a sufficiently balanced knowl- negative impacts of such developments and safeguard the
seem unrelated to the architecture or urban design disciplines edge base and personal commitment to start a design process. accessibility of public resources such as affordable housing With Lisbon’s most famous poet – Fernando Pessoa - leading the
and rather fit within the socio-economical and political field. It A creative and iterative approach of presenting, debating, and and public transport. Simultaneously, these measures should way, perseverance is a concept with which the Portuguese are
is probably true that we cannot ‘design out’ the negative and rejecting/developing proposals led to a series of seemingly also accommodate and stimulate the positive effects of such historically familiar. I sincerely hope that this time again, Lisbon
challenging impacts of ‘tourism gentrification’ but nevertheless unrelated city-making strategies, some of them spatial, others developments to take place. Tourism can be a massive job crea- and its people will prove resilient to the forces of our times.
the design disciplines traditionally have the capacity to deal tor and result in financial benefits that can be used to improve
6 See Luis Mendes’article in this publication, in which he defines and reflects on the relatively the basic urban infrastructure that will also benefit the residents 7 https://www.wickedproblems.com/1_wicked_problems.php See also Rittel, Horst. “Dilemmas in a
5 The disturbance caused by tuk-tuks has been somewhat mitigated by new regulations introduced new concept of ‘tourism gentrification’a s a notably different phenomenon than other kinds of gentrification. and local businesses. It is a certainty that there are no simple General Theory of Planning.” Policy Sciences, 1973: 155-169.
by the municipality in recent months. In addition, from 2017 only electric vehicles will be permitted and over 100 Luis Mendes, ‘What can be done to resist or mitigate tourism gentrification in Lisbon? Some Policy Findings & fixes or quick solutions for this complex reality. Cities, all around 8 Ibid.
dedicated parking places will be created. Recommendations’ 9 Ibid.
Master Class 2016 8 9 Stadslab City-Making & Tourism Gentrification Lisbon
PERSEVERANCE
Say not that work is e’er ill-spent,
Say not that effort fails or seems;
Say not that he o’er labour bent
Is one in the world’s many dreams.
For not in vain with patient shocks,
With timely rush and quick’ning roar,
The ocean crashes on the rocks
And bounds on to the sounding shore.
They check, ‘tis true, his rolling rush,
His sturdy beat they seem to scorn,
His surging waves with force they crush
And turn in spray his billows torn.
But days and weeks and months and years
He strikes and strikes and strikes amain.
And dent on dent in them appears
That shows his weary, patient gain.
And years may pass or ages go,
Those eaten rocks will smaller stand;
Still he, with measured aim and slow
Shall bend his surging to the land.
Sure as the sun, and unperceived
As is the growing of a tree,
He works and works, nor is deceived
By sturdy from that men can see.
And when his object full he gains
With last and sounding, rending crash,
His mighty power he still sustains
And onward still his waters dash.
9-190410
10 Poesia Inglesa. Fernando Pessoa. (Organização e tradução de Luísa Freire. Prefácio de Teresa Rita Lopes.) Lisboa: Livros Horizonte, 1995. - 36
Master Class 2016 10 11 Stadslab City-Making & Tourism Gentrification Lisbon
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Master Class Program
FRI - 15 April WED - 20 April
20h00 Welcome Dinner 10h00 Studio - work in groups
18h00 Wrap up
SAT - 16 April
10h00 Lecture Paula Marques, Deputy Mayor THU - 21 April
Housing / Local Development, Lisbon 10h00 Studio - work in groups
Lecture Luís Mendes, Institute of 18h00 wrap up
Geography and Spatial Planning,
University of Lisbon FRI - 22 April
11h00 Introduction Igor Marko, 10h00 Final presentation preparation
marko&placemakers, London 17h00 Final presentation:
13h00 Lisbon Sustainable Tourism Tour Manuel Salgado, Deputy Mayor Urban
18h00 Wrap up Planning / Urban Rehabilitation, Lisbon
Results
SUN - 17 April Final discussion
10h00 Lecture Miguel Coelho, President of the 20h00 Closing dinner
Parish Council of Santa Maria Maior
Lecture Filipa Bolotinha, Renovar a
Mouraria
12h00 Scripted Fieldtrip in groups
17h00 Comparative study
MON - 18 April
10h00 Lecture João Seixas, University Professor at
New University of Lisbon
12h00 Lecture Igor Marko,
14h00 Inventing Roles
18h00 Wrap up
TUE - 19 April
10h00 Creating future scenarios
18h00 Wrap up
20h00 Dinner
21h30 Cine-Café “Bye bye Barcelona”
Master Class 2016 12 13 Stadslab City-Making & Tourism Gentrification Lisbon
4
Master Class Process and Method
Marc Glaudemans and Igor Marko
To structure the process of the Master Class on such a complex be applied and would contribute to a city-making process that
topic and a diverse and multidisciplinary team, we followed the is inclusive and ultimately aimed at a balanced development
working method of design thinking. This approach differs from weighing in the stakes of residents, local authorities, businesses
an analytical scientific method, by identifying and investigat- and tourists.
ing both known and still ambiguous aspects of the problem
to discover hidden parameters and open alternative paths Clearly, the Master Class proposals are semi-final products at
that may lead to a solution. Design thinking is typically itera- best. All of them need further development and a rigorous con-
tive, and the process involves common characteristics, mainly: frontation with the local legal, cultural and political mechanisms.
creativity, teamwork, user-centeredness (empathy), curiosity This is a process best taken over by a more local and embedded
and optimism (Faste, 1994). The process and the outcomes of stakeholder or coalition of public and private actors.
the Master Class reflect this approach. First, participants were
WHAT
asked to truly engage and empathise with the local situation
and stakeholders to grasp the range and extent of the issues at their needs are
stake. The first stage was for them to go out and follow certain WHO
DEFINE
preconfigured routes through the neighbourhood of Mouraria you‘re solving for
and take detailed notice of the spatial environment from the
perspective of a tourist. These notes then had to be reframed in EMPATHIZE IDEATE
a consistent and personal narrative of the spatial conditions on
their routes. The next step was meant to meaningfully engage
HOW
and empathize with the different actors. This process included
you‘ll solve them
conversations with experts, representatives of local authorities,
social workers, and residents and, of course, visitors and tourists. PROTOTYPE
Even though this problem definition phase was relatively brief
and incomplete, it did create a sufficiently balanced knowledge
base and personal commitment to start a design process. STORYTELLING TEST
A creative and iterative approach of presenting, debating, and
rejecting or developing proposals led to a series of seemingly
unrelated city-making strategies, some of them spatial, others WHY
more social-economical or within the spheres of monitoring and your work matters
regulating. Imagining and visualizing the impact of these pro-
posals in case-specific and real-life situations in Mouraria helped Design Thinking at work.
Image credit: Hasso Plattner Institute of Design at Stanford
to fine-tune and improve the proposals and identify the role of
the different stakeholders and the spatial or regulatory frame-
work that could help to maximize their impact. The Master-Class Faste, Rolf, “Ambidextrous Thinking”, Innovations in Mechanical Engineering Curricula for the 1990s, American Society
objective was to present this rich variety of strategies that could of Mechanical Engineers, November 1994
Master Class 2016 14 15 Stadslab City-Making & Tourism Gentrification Lisbon
Proposal I
MAKING EXISTING OPPORTUNITIES VISIBLE
Hey Mouraria, put on your glasses!
Michela Leoni, Patricia Wess
communication,
STRENGTHEN MAKE PEOPLE exchange, identifying In the context of an increasing tourism pressure and rapid social
MEET generate ideas,
NEIGHBOUR- key spaces for transformation in the neighbourhoods of the city, Mouraria still
with one another know your
HOOD interaction retains a special local character that could play an important
neighbour, role in supporting the balance between the different users of the
acceptance area.
This proposal wants to leverage on what is already present in
the area to strengthen its value as a neighbourhood and to
create mental ownership in its residents and users. To do so, it
is crucial for people to meet with one another, in order to know
private spaces: public spaces: and accept each other, to communicate and to generate ideas.
vacant & derelict streets, People need physical spaces where they can meet!
buildings, green spaces, This proposal focuses on making existing opportunities for
places for shared squares used for encounter visible, in terms of spatial occasions where people
use parking could interact.
ACTIVATING
The process consisted in identifying existing spaces with poten-
tial to become key spaces for interaction. These do not necessar-
ily need to be traditional public spaces, but also those that are
semi-private, or even private ones.
These spaces are then activated through acupunctural interven-
tions (eg. removal of physical and non-physical barriers, and
addition of elements) as well as with temporary activities.
removing barriers add-ons activities
By twisting the ordinary point of view through micro-modifications
of the surroundings, and to show how spaces could be used for
different activities, we aim to push people to see usual places in
on / off public space participatory visual redesign urban gardening
a new light and to become aware of their potential. This pro-
reclaiming public space adding elements (use temporary community cooking
posal could transform unusual urban typologies, opening them
removing elements structures to change spatial street art workshop
to possibilities for new functions.
revealing spaces for pedestrians perception) living library
removing waste playful urban furniture neighbourhood tours
By simply revealing existing opportunities, we do not want to
collection materials for reuse outdoor furniture put your table outside
impose a fixed recipes for the area, but we aim to activate.
use of light to impfrove safety feelings car-boot cinema
We aim to activate, but we aim to activate endogenous dynam-
recycling initiatives
ics.
Master Class 2016 16 17 Stadslab City-Making & Tourism Gentrification Lisbon
AFTER
BEFORE
Master Class 2016 18 19 Stadslab City-Making & Tourism Gentrification Lisbon