Clinical Paediatric Dietetics, Second Edition

461 Pages·2001·3.41 MB·English

Clinical Paediatric Dietetics
Clinical Paediatric Dietetics
Second Edition
Edited by
Vanessa Shaw
and
Margaret Lawson
© 1994, 2001 by 
Blackwell Science Ltd
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1988. Cataloging-in-Publication Data
All rights reserved. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced, Clinical paediatric dietetics / edited by Vanessa Shaw and Margaret
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any Lawson. – 2nd ed.
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, p.; cm.
except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, Includes bibliographical references and index.
without the prior permission ofthe publisher. ISBN 0-632-05241-4 (hb)
1. Diet therapy for children. I. Shaw, Vanessa. II. Lawson,
First edition published 1994 Margaret, MSc.
Reprinted 1995 [DNLM: 1. Diet Therapy – Child. WS 366 C6405 2001]
Second edition published 2001 RJ53.D53 C58 2001
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Contents
Contributors vii 11 The Kidney 158
Foreword ix Janet Coleman
Preface xi 12 The Cardiothoracic System 182
Acknowledgements xii Marion Noble
13 The Immune System 193
SECTION 1 – Food Allergy and Intolerance 193
Introduction 1 Christine Carter
1 Principles of Paediatric Dietetics 3 – Immunodeficiency Syndromes 214
Vanessa Shaw and Margaret Lawson Dona Hileti-Telfer
2 Provision of Nutrition in a Hospital – HIV and AIDS 218
Setting 19 Jayne Butler
Ruth Watling 14 Ketogenic Diet for Epilepsy 222
Margaret Lawson
SECTION 2
Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition 29 SECTION 5
3 Enteral Feeding 31 Inborn Errors of Metabolism 233
Tracey Johnson 15 Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism,
4 Parenteral Nutrition 43 Organic Acidaemias and Urea Cycle
Janice Glynn Defects 235
Marjorie Dixon
SECTION 3 – Phenylketonuria 235
Preterm and Low Birthweight Nutrition 53 Anita MacDonald
5 Preterm Infants 55 – Homocystinuria 267
Caroline King Fiona White
16 Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism 295
SECTION 4 Marjorie Dixon
Diseases of Organ Systems 67 17 Disorders of Fatty Acid Oxidation 316
6 The Gastrointestinal Tract 69 Marjorie Dixon
Sarah Macdonald
7 Anatomical Abnormalities of the SECTION 6
Gastrointestinal Tract 97 Lipids 327
Vanessa Shaw 18 Lipid Disorders 329
8 The Liver and Pancreas 110 Patricia Rutherford
Stephanie France (Jackson)
9 Diabetes Mellitus 126 SECTION 7
Alison Johnston Peroxisomal Disorders 337
10 Cystic Fibrosis 137 19 Refsum’s Disease 339
Anita MacDonald June Brown
vi Contents
20 X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy 345 Lesley Haynes
Anita MacDonald 25 Burns 396
Helen McCarthy and Dearbhla Hunt
SECTION 8 26 Nutrition for Children with Feeding
Childhood Cancers 349 Difficulties 403
21 Nutritional Support: Leukaemias, Karen Jeffereys
Lymphomas and Solid Tumours 351 27 Failure to Thrive 423
Evelyn Ward Zofia Smith
28 Children from Ethnic Minorities and
SECTION 9 those following Cultural Diets 431
Eating Disorders and Obesity 361 Sue Wolfe
22 Eating Disorders 363
Dasha Nicholls
APPENDICES 447
23 Obesity 371
Appendix I Manufacturers of Dietetic
Mary Deane
Products 449
Appendix II Dietetic Products 451
SECTION 10
Other Conditions Requiring Nutritional
Support and Advice 381 Index 455
24 Epidermylosis Bullosa 383
Contributors
June Brown Dona Hileti-Telfer
Former Senior Dietitian Senior Dietitian
Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS
9NH Trust, London WC1N 3JH
Jayne Butler Dearbhla Hunt
Senior Paediatric Dietitian Senior Dietitian
St Mary’s Hospital, Praed Street, London W2 The Children’s Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin,
1NY Eire
Christine Carter Stephanie France (née Jackson)
Specialist Dietitian Senior Paediatric Dietitian
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Kings College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London
Trust, London WC1N 3JH SE5 9RS
Janet Coleman Karen Jeffereys
Chief Paediatric Renal Dietitian Chief Dietitian
City Hospital, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 Services for People with Learning Disabilities, P O
1PB Box 107, Southsea, Hants PO4 8NG
Mary Deane Tracey Johnson
Senior Dietitian Senior Dietitian
Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Sciennes Road, The Birmingham Children’s Hospital NHS Trust,
Edinburgh EH9 1LF Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham B4 6NH
Marjorie Dixon Alison Johnston
Specialist Dietitian Senior Dietitian
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Yorkhill,
Trust, London WC1N 3JH Glasgow G3 8SJ
Janice Glynn Caroline King
Senior Dietitian Chief Paediatric Dietitian
Royal Liverpool Children’s NHS Trust, Eaton Queen Charlotte’s Hospital, Goldhawk Road,
Road, Liverpool L2 2AP London W6 0XG
Lesley Haynes Margaret Lawson
Specialist Dietitian Nestle Senior Research Fellow
Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street,
London WC1N 1EH London WC1N 1EH
viii Contributors
Helen McCarthy Vanessa Shaw
Senior Dietitian Chief Dietitian
Manchester Children’s Hospitals, Charlestown Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS
Road, Blackley, Manchester M9 7AA Trust, London WC1N 3JH
Anita MacDonald Zofia Smith
Head of Dietetic Services Senior Dietitian
The Birmingham Children’s Hospital NHS Trust, St Mary’s Hospital, Greenhill Road, Leeds LS12
Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham B4 6NH 3QU
Sarah Macdonald
Evelyn Ward
Specialist Dietitian
Senior Paediatric Dietitian
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS
St James University Hospital NHS Trust, Beckett
Trust, London WC1N 3JH
Street, Leeds LS9 7TF
Dasha Nicholls
Ruth Watling
Clinical Lecturer in Neurosciences and Mental
Chief Dietitian
Health
Royal Liverpool Children’s NHS Trust, Eaton
Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street,
Road, Liverpool L2 2AP
London WC1N 1EH
Marion Noble Fiona White
Former Specialist Dietitian Chief Dietitian
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Manchester Children’s Hospitals, Hospital Road,
Trust, London WC1N 3JH Manchester M27 4HA
Patricia Rutherford Sue Wolfe
Chief Dietitian Chief Paediatric Dietitian
Royal Liverpool Children’s NHS Trust, Eaton St James University Hospital NHS Trust, Beckett
Road, Liverpool L2 2AP Street, Leeds LS9 7TF
Foreword
The first edition of Clinical Paediatric Dietetics was provides lists of commercial products and the
published in 1994, contributions being made by many addresses of manufacturers.
senior dietitians. It is now a great pleasure to write a Once again, Vanessa Shaw and Margaret Lawson
Foreword to this second edition to which no fewer have undertaken a huge task; they have contributed
than 28 experienced colleagues have contributed. chapters themselves and undertaken the editing.
Over the years the role of dietetics in the treatment Obtaining high standard material from so many col-
of sick infants and children has become both increas- leagues is certainly not easy, and I congratulate
ingly important and in many instances far more com- Vanessa and Margaret most warmly. This multi-
plex. The Paediatric Group of the British Dietetic author book will, I am sure, go through numerous
Association is to be congratulated for the way it has editions as the years pass and each edition will help
moved dietetics forwards, with great benefit to their so many sick infants and children. Looking back to
young patients. 1965 when the first edition of Diets for Sick Children
As before, the chapters cover a wide variety of sub- appeared, one is conscious of the huge developments
jects ranging from the principles of paediatric dietet- which have taken place in dietetics and the ever
ics to the treatment of diabetes mellitus, allergic increasing importance of the dietitians.
disorders, inherited metabolic disorders, burns and
eating disorders to name but a few. As previously, Dame Barbara Clayton DBE, MD, PhD, HonDSc,
the needs of sick children from ethnic minorities FRCP, FRCPE, HonFRCPI, HonFRCPCH,
have been included. The practical aspects of dietary FMedSci, HonFIBiol, FRCPath
management are given a high profile, excellent tables
and clear diagrams provide essential information and Honorary Research Professor in Metabolism, University
each chapter has a suitable list of references. All the of Southampton
chapters are full of commonsense and the volume Honorary President, British Dietetic Association
Preface
The aim of this manual is to provide a very practical There has been an expansion of the range of dis-
approach to the nutritional management of a wide orders and treatments described: additional informa-
range of paediatric nutritional disorders that may tion has been included on nutritional assessment,
benefit from nutritional support or be ameliorated or inborn errors of metabolism, food allergy and intol-
resolved by dietary manipulation. The text will be of erance, immunodeficiency syndromes and gastroen-
particular relevance to professional dietitians, dietetic terology. Arranged under headings of disorders of
students and their tutors, paediatricians, paediatric organ systems rather than type of diet, and with
nurses and members of the community health team much information presented in tabular form, the
involved with children requiring therapeutic diets. manual is easy to use. Dietary restrictions due either
The growing importance of nutritional support in to customs, religious beliefs or environmental condi-
many paediatric conditions is recognised and reflected tions which may affect the nutritional adequacy ofthe
in new text for this edition. diet of the growing child are also discussed.
The authors are largely drawn from experienced Appendices list the many and varied special prod-
paediatric dietitians around the United Kingdom, ucts described in the text, together with details of
with additional contributions from other specialist their manufacturers. The appendices are not exhaus-
dietitians and a psychiatrist. The text does not tive, but include the products most commonly used
attempt to discuss normal nutrition in healthy in the UK. The information has been updated for this
children (though references for this topic are addres- edition and the most recent data has been used in the
sed), but concentrates on the nutritional require- preparation of the manual, but no guarantee can be
ments of sick infants and children in a clinical setting. given ofthe validity or availability at the time ofgoing
Normal dietary constituents are used alongside to press.
special dietetic products to provide a prescription
that will control progression and symptoms of Vanessa Shaw
disease whilst maintaining the growth potential of the Margaret Lawson
child. January 2001
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank a number of the contributors to the first edition, who
were unable to contribute to this second edition, but whose work has formed
the basis for the following chapters:
Chapter 2, Provision of Nutrition in a Hospital Chapter 14, Ketogenic Diet for Epilepsy: Jane Eaton,
Setting: Christine Clothier, Former Chief Dietitian, Former Chief Community Dietitian, Dorset Health
Royal Liverpool Children’s NHS Trust Care NHS Trust
Chapter 3, Enteral Feeding: Debra Woodward, Chapter 18, Lipid Disorders: Anne Maclean, Former
Former Senior Dietitian, The Children’s Hospital, Senior Paediatric Dietitian, St George’s Hospital,
Birmingham London
Chapter 4, Parenteral Nutrition: Alison Macleod, Chapter 22, Eating Disorders: Bernadette Wren,
Former Senior Dietitian, Royal Liverpool Children’s Former Principal Clinical Psychologist, and Bryan
Hospital NHS Trust Lask, Former Consultant Psychiatrist, Great
Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust
Chapter 6, The Gastrointestinal Tract: Sheena Laing,
Chief Dietitian, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Chapter 25, Burns: Judith Martin, Former Chief
Edinburgh Dietitian, Whittington Hospital, London.
Chapter 8, The Liver and Pancreas: Jane Ely, Former
Senior Paediatric Dietitian, King’s College Hospital,
London