Contemporary Orthodontics 4th Edition

762 Pages·2007·92.14 MB·English

by  William R. Proffit DDS PhD

CONTEMPORARY
ORTHODONTICS
MOSBY
ELSEVIER
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CONTEMPORARY ORTHODONTICS, FOURTH EDITION
Copyright O 2007,2000,1993, 1986 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
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Neither the Publisher nor the Authors assume any respons~bdityf or any loss or injury and/or damage
to persons or property arising out of or related to any use of the material contained in this book. It 1s the
responsibility of the treatmg practitioner, relying on independent expertise and knowledge of the patient,
to determine the best treatment and method of application for the patient,
The Publisher
Pubhshing Director: Linda Duncan
Senfor Edrtor: John Dolan
Developmental Edltor: Julie Nebel
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Senior Project Manager: Karen M. Rehwinkel
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Prmted in Canada
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
%is edition is dedicated to our wives
Sara, Anne, and Valerie, respectively,
whose tolerance is best described as remarkable
PREFACE
s in previous editions, the objectiveo f Contemporary accessto the book's own website.T he E-dition provides a
Orthodonticsis to provide a comprehensiveo verviewo f searchablet ext, which makes it easier to quickly find the
this subjectt hat is accessiblteo studentsu, sefulf or residents, answer to clinical questions.F or dental students,t his has
and a valuabler eferencefo r practitioners.O ur goalh asb een proved to be a major advantageo f electronice ditions. In
to put information into a perspectiveth at facilitatesc linical addition, the E-dition placess electedil lustrationsf rom the
usei n a rational way.I n eachs ectiono f the book, and often book in a downloadablef ormat for easieru se in teaching
in individual chapters, basic background information and continuing education.T he websitei s updatedf requently
that every dentist needs is covered first, followed by to provide evaluationa nd commentary on current ortho-
more detailed information for orthodontic residentsa nd dontic literature.
specialispt ractitioners. In addition, the book is supplementedw ith extensive
This fourth edition differs from its predecessorisn being computer-basedte achingm aterialst hat arec ompatiblew ith
full color, but it follows the basic outline of previous edi- deliveryt o studentsv ia high-speedI nternet accessT. hey are
tions.N ew aspectsin cludea discussiono f orthodonticsa sa n also available in CD/DVD format for both Windows and
enhancementt echnology( an important new way of think- Macintosho peratings ystemsa, nd haveb eene valuatedw ith
ing about need for treatment in all medical fields), an both dental studentsa nd advancedg enerald entistry resi-
increasede mphasiso n soft tissuec onsiderationa nd clinical dents.T hesep rogramsa re most usefulw hen they servea s a
examinationi n diagnosisa nd treatmentp lanning,a partic- major part of the background for interactives mall group
ular focuso n basingc linical decisionso n data insteado f on seminars.S uggestedo utlinesa nd visualsf or theses eminars
anecdotea nd opinion, new material on the use of implant also are available.A ll of the teaching programs now include
anchoragea nd possiblea pplicationso f distractiono steoge- computer self-tests( for instruction, not evaluation).T hese
nesis,a nd considerationo fthe changesin orthodontic tech- self-tests not only tell students if they have correctly
nique asc omputer applicationst o applianced esignb ecome answeredq uestionsa bout the materialt hey just studied,b ut
more widespread. also they tell them why answersa re correct or incorrect and
Literature citations in this book are of two types: the displayappropriateg raphics( e.g.,g raphs,c linicalp hotos)t o
classicp apersi n orthodontics that are the backgroundf or reinforcet he message.
current concepts,a nd recentc ontributions to the literature Further information about theses upplementalt eaching
that not only provide current information but cite the pre- materials,i ncluding computert eachingp rogramsa nd com-
vious publicationsi n this particular area.T hesep apersc an puter self-testss, eminar outlines and visuals,a nd testsf or
open the door to a more detailede valuationo f the literature evaluation,c an be obtained by contactingt he Department
on important subjects, and are cited partly for that of Orthodontics, University of North Carolina School
purpose-which reducesw hat would otherwiseb e a volu- of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7450o, r by visiting
minous number of references. the department's website at www.dent.unc.edu/depts/
For usei n the dentalc urriculum and residencyp rograms, academic/ortho/.
the book now is availablei n an "E-dition," which provides
vtl

Ramona Hutton-Howe for outstanding pho- scanningc olor slides.O rthodontic residentsin the classeos f
ic support and preparation of the image files 2004-2007a t Ohio Statew ere a valuable resourcei n helping
(which contain nearly 1000 new color images for this procure clinical illustrative material. Thanks also go to
edition), and Faith Patterson for careful organization and a number of individuals who have reviewed areas of the
management of the revision. Particular thanks also go to manuscript and kindly contributed illustrations; specific
Drs. William Gierie and Dirk Weichmann for their generous acknowledgmenti s provided at appropriate points through-
sharing of clinical experiencea nd illustrations, to Drs. Steve out the book.
Dickens,E ric Bednar,a nd JaredB lackerf or assistanced uring
their orthodontic residencyp rograms in locating photos Wrr,r,reuR . Pnorrrr
and radiographs in the UNC files, and soon-to-be Drs. HnNnyW . Frnr.osf,n .
Kenneth Miller and Elizabeth Kelly for diligent work in Devro M. Senvnn
tx

CONTENTS
SECTIONI
THE ORTHODONTICP ROBLEM
I Malocclusioann d DentofaciaDl eformityin ContemporarSyo ciety
WilliamR .P roffit
SECTIONI I
THE DEVELOPMENT OF ORTHODONTIC PROBLEMS
2 Conceptos f Crowtha nd Development 27
WilliamR .P roffit
3 EarlyS tageso f Development 72
WilliamR .P rffit
4 LaterS tageso f Development 107
WilliamR .P rofit
5 The Etiologoy f OrthodonticP roblems 130
WiIIiamR .P roffit
SECTIONI II
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT PLANNING
6 OrthodonticD iagnosisT:h e Developmenotf a ProblemL ist 167
William R. Profit, David M. Sarver,J amesL . Ackerman
7 OrthodontiTc reatmenPt lanningF: romP roblemL istt o SpecificP lan 234
WiIIiam R. Proffit, Henry W. Fields,D avid M. Sarver
8 OrthodontiTc reatmenPt lanningL: imitationsC, ontroversieasn, dS peciaPl roblems 258
William R. Profft, Henry W Fields,D avid M. Sarver
SECTIONIV
BIOMECHANICS, MECHANICS, AND CONTEMPORARY
ORTHODONTIC APPTIANCES
9 The BiologicB asiso f OrthodontiTc herapy 331
WilliamR .P rffit
f 0 MechanicaPl rincipleisn OrthodonticF orceC ontrol 359
WilliamR .P roffit
11 ContemporarOyr thodontiAc ppliances 395
WiIIiamR . Proffit
XI
CoNrrurs
SECTIONV
TREATMENTI N PREADOLESCENCTH ILDREN
t2 Treatmenot f NonskeletaPl roblemsin PreadolescenCth ildren 433
HenryW .F ields
r3
Treatmenot f SkeletaPl roblemsin Children
495
HenryWF ields,WilliaRm.P rffit
SECTIONV I
COMPRXHENSIVEO RTHODONTICT REATMENT
IN THE EARLYP ERMANENTD ENTITION
14 The Firsts tageo f comprehensivTe reatmentA: lignmenta nd Leveling 55r
WlliamR.P rffit
15 The SecondS tageo f ComprehensivTer eatmentC: orrectiono f Molar Relationshiapn d
SpaceC losure
WilliamR .P roffit
16 TheT hirdS tageo f ComprehensivTere atmentF:i nishing 6oz
WilliamR . Proffit
17 Retention
6't7
Wliam R.P rofft
SECTIONV II
TREATMENTI N ADULTS
l8 SpeciaCl onsiderationisn Treatmenfto r Adults 6ls
WilliamR .P rffit
19 CombinedS urgicaal nd OrthodonticT reatment 586
WilliamR .P rffit, DayidM . Sarver
Index
719