Evidence-Based Eye Care

449 Pages·2013·13.198 MB·English

by  Peter J. Kertes, T. Mark Johnson

(c) 2015 Wolters Kluwer. All Rights Reserved.
SECTION I CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND
HEALTH ECONOMICS
EVIDENCE-BASED
1
EYChEap tCer TAitleRE
Second Edition
EDITED BY
Author Name, MD, Author Name, MD
Peter J. Kertes,
MD, CM, FRCSC
Vitreoretinal Surgeon
Ophthalmologist-in-Chief
The John and Liz Tory Eye Centre
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center
Professor of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences
The University of Toronto
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
T. Mark Johnson,
MD, FRCSC
Attending Surgeon
Retina Group of Washington
Chevy Chase, Maryland
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Evidence-based eye care (Kertes)
Evidence-based eye care / edited by Peter J. Kertes, T. Mark Johnson. — Second edition.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4511-7638-4 (hardback)
I. Kertes, Peter J., editor of compilation. II. Johnson, T. Mark (Thomas Mark), 1969- editor of compilation.
III. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Eye Diseases. 2. Evidence-Based Medicine. 3. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic. WW 140]
RE48
617.7—dc23
2013028387
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THIS bOOK IS DEDICATED TO THE MEMORY OF
MY PARENTS, HILDA AND PAuL, wHOSE LIvES AND
LOvE wERE AN INSPIRATION TO ME AND
SuSTAIN ME EvEN NOw.
–PETER J. KERTES
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CONTRIbuTORS
Mark O. baerlocher, MD, FRCPC Emily Y. Chew, MD
Department of Radiology Deputy Director of Division of Epidemiology and
Royal Victoria Hospital Clinical Applications
Barrie, Ontario Clinical Trials Branch
Canada National Eye Institute/National Institutes of
Department of Interventional Radiology Health
University of California, San Diego Bethesda, Maryland
La Jolla, California
Dean Eliott, MD
Iris ben-bassat Mizrachi, MD Associate Professor
Physician Department of Ophthalmology
Goldschleger Eye Institute Harvard Medical School
Sheba, Medical Center Associate Director, Retina Service
Ramat-Gan, Israel Department of Ophthalmology
Goldschleger Eye Center Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary
Tel-Aviv University Boston, Massachusetts
Tel-Aviv, Israel
Ayad A. Farjo, MD
Robert J. Campbell, MD, MSc, FRCSC Assistant Clinical Professor
Associate Professor and Deputy Head Department of Ophthalmology and Vision
Department of Ophthalmology Sciences
Queen’s University University of Wisconsin
Hotel Dieu Hospital Hospitals and Clinics
Kingston, Ontario, Canada Madison, Wisconsin
Ophthalmologist
Antonio Capone, MD
Brighton Vision Center Institution
Associated Retinal Consultants
Brighton, Michigan
Department of Ophthalmology
William Beaumont Hospital Qais A. Farjo, MD
Royal Oak, Michigan Director of Corneal and Refractive Surgery
Vision Associates
Clara C. Chan, MD, FRCSC, FACS
Toledo, Ohio
Lecturer
Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sharon Fekrat, MD, FACS
Sciences Associate Professor
University of Toronto Ophthalmology
Ophthalmologist Duke University School of Medicine
Cornea, Anterior Segment, Cataract & Refractive Vitreoretinal Surgeon
Surgery Duke University Eye Center
Toronto Western Hospital Private Diagnostic Clinic
St. Michael’s Hospital Duke University Hospital
Kensington Eye Institute Chief
Toronto, Ontario, Canada Ophthalmology
Durham VA Medical Center
Emmanuel Chang, MD, PhD
Durham, North Carolina
Associated Retinal Consultants
Department of Ophthalmology
William Beaumont Hospital
Royal Oak, Michigan
v
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vi ■ Contributors
Harmeet S. Gill, MD, FRCSC Robert A. Kersten, MD, FACS
Lecturer Professor of Clinical Ophthalmology
Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences Department of Ophthalmology
University of Toronto University of California San Francisco
Oculofacial Plastic Surgeon Attending Physician
Ophthalmology Department of Ophthalmology
Kensington Eye Institute University of California San Francisco Medical
Toronto, Ontario, Canada Center
San Francisco, California
Paul Hahn, MD, PhD
Assistant Professor Raymond T. Kraker, MSPH
Ophthalmology Director, PEDIG Coordinating Center
Duke University School of Medicine Jaeb Center for Health Research
Durham, North Carolina Tampa, Florida
Vitreoretinal Surgeon
Duke University Eye Center william F. Mieler, MD
Private Diagnostic Clinic Professor and Vice-Chairman
Duke University Hospital Department of Ophthalmology
Durham, North Carolina University of Illinois at Chicago
Chicago, Illinois
Seenu M. Hariprasad, MD
Assistant Professor and Director of Clinical Research Stephen A. McNutt, MD
Chief Resident
Vitreoretinal Service Program Director Cole Eye Institute
Fellowship in Vitreoretinal Surgery Cleveland Clinic
Department of Surgery, Ophthalmology and Cleveland, Ohio
Visual Science
benjamin Nicholson, MD
University of Chicago
Staff Fellow
Chicago, Illinois
National Eye Institute
Hussein Hollands, MD, FRCSC, MSc (Epid) National Institutes of Health
Private Practice Bethesda, Maryland
Vernon, British Columbia, Canada
Jason Noble, MD, FRCSC, DAbO
Simon Hollands, MD, MSc (Epid)
Lecturer
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
Jonathan M. Holmes, bM, bCh University of Toronto
Joseph E. and Rose Marie Green Professor of Staff Ophthalmologist
Visual Sciences Ophthalmology
Department of Ophthalmology Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
Mayo Clinic Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Rochester, Minnesota
Louis E. Probst, MD
T. Mark Johnson, MD, FRCSC National Medical Director
Attending Surgeon TLC The Laser Eye Centers
Retina Group of Washington Chicago, Illinois
Chevy Chase, Maryland
Michael X. Repka, MD, MbA
Peter K. Kaiser, MD David L Guyton MD and Feduniak Family
Chany Family Endowed Chair in Ophthalmology Professor of Ophthalmology
Research Professor of Pediatrics
Professor of Ophthalmology Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute
Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Vitreoretinal Staff Baltimore, Maryland
Cole Eye institute
Cleveland, Ohio
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Contributors ■ vii
Sanjay Sharma, MD, MS (Epid), Daniel warder, MD
FRCSC, MbA Resident
Professor Queen’s University
Research Director Resident
Department of Ophthalmology Department of Ophthalmology
Queen’s University Hotel Dieu Hospital
Professor Kingston, Ontario, Canada
Department of Epidemiology
Patrick T. Yang, MD
Queen’s University
Resident
Kingston, Ontario, Canada
Department of Ophthalmology and Vision
Ernest Rand Simpson, MD, FRCSC Sciences
Associate Professor University of Toronto
Department of Ophthalmology Toronto, Ontario, Canada
University of Toronto
Yoshihiro Yonekawa, MD
Director of Ocular Oncology
Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary
Department of Surgical Oncology
Harvard Medical School
Princess Margaret Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts
University Health Network
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Jonathan D. Trobe, MD
Professor of Ophthalmology and Neurology
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan
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FOREwORD
The first edition of Evidence-Based Eye Care edition, the editors and authors have provided
offered an important and comprehensive updates on clinical epidemiology and health
compilation of clinical studies of eye diseases, economics. They have added a valuable chapter
including cornea and external disease, glau- on statistics, recognizing that today’s clinicians
coma, neuro-ophthalmology, oculoplastics, must have a basic understanding of statistical
ocular oncology, and retinal diseases like dia- analyses in order to evaluate published trials.
betic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, and Moreover, the second edition offers important
macular degeneration. As practicing c linicians, new information for early age-related macular
we all strive to provide our patients with degeneration and retinal artery occlusion. This
evidence-based medicine, utilizing clinical trial edition provides a truly broad scope of clinical
results and clinical observations. Depending trials across all subspecialties of ophthalmol-
on the disease, questions about management ogy. The text is relevant for all practicing oph-
may be addressed using double-masked, con- thalmologists and students of ophthalmology
trolled clinical trials—the “gold standard”— and is an essential resource given the emerging
but not every question can be studied in this importance of recertification. Congratulations
way. It is important for clinicians to understand to the authors and editors for such a wonder-
the level of evidence for their approach to ful addition to the ophthalmologist’s reference
patient care and recognize that new technolo- library.
gies and experimental medicine may change
Joan W. Miller, MD
their understanding of disease and choice of
Henry Willard Williams Professor of Ophthalmology
therapy. The first edition of Evidence-Based Eye
Chair, Department of Ophthalmology
Care provided an important foundation for cli-
Harvard Medical School
nicians, describing the different methodologies
Chief of Ophthalmology
of clinical research and the skills required for
Massachusetts Eye and Ear
critical reading of the literature. In the second
Massachusetts General Hospital
ix
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