Table Of Content“I feel more prepared for
“I felt the paragraph editing exercises
my other classes because
not only does the book in the Components at Work were
teach me what I didn’t the most helpful because they gave
know, but also teaches
me not only simple sentences to fix
me what I will see ahead
but also paragraphs to check my
of me as well.”
—Aimee Loza, Student revising skills.”
“This textbook is the —Jeanette Torres,
reason for my success
Student
in my other classes. My
writing improved and so
did my grades.”
—Krystal Segura,
What Students Are Saying About
Lawrence Barkley / Christine Sandoval
Student
Grammar
and
Usage,
Naturally
“The book is detailed,
helpful, informative, and
well-organized. This book
“Working through this book
has made me a better writer
allows a person to gain a strong
and teacher of writing.”
understanding of vocabulary
—Joshua Thomas,
and concepts, then builds upon
Supplemental Instructional
that knowledge, which allows for
“The information in the Leader and Student
a complete understanding and
textbook I found to be very
removes many of the mysteries
clear and accessible. What
of the grammatical structure.”
I found most helpful
—Donnadee Waibel, ASL/
were the examples. They
English Interpreter and
demonstrated clearly
Student
the concepts we were
supposed to be learning.”
—Jazmin Torres, Student
Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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Lawrence Barkley / Christine Sandoval
G r a m m a r
and
Usage,
Naturally
Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States
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Grammar and Usage, Naturally © 2015, Cengage Learning
Lawrence Barkley,
WCN: 02-200-203
Christine Sandoval
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright
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ISBN-13: 978-1-285-44586-1
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From Larry Barkley
To my colleagues in the Menifee English Department—Michelle Stewart, Ricki
Rycraft, Yvonne Atkinson, Lorrie Ross, and Ted Blake—and my colleague in
Anthropology, Erik Ozolins: Thank you for your continual support and encour-
agement. Y’all are truly wonderful people.
To my mother and father: Thank you for being my role models, people I am
proud to emulate.
To Christine: The wait was truly worthwhile. Thank you.
To Susan: I dedicate this book to you, darlin’. Thank you for overlooking all the
weekends I spent working on it; your patience would embarrass Job.
From Christine Sandoval
To Mom and Dad: Thank you for always making it clear that you expected I
could accomplish anything I put my mind to. Mom, I wish you were here to see
the final product, but I have a feeling you’re bragging to your celestial friends.
To Alec and Toby: Thank you for allowing me the time to work and for cheering
me on. A mother could never ask for better sons.
To Victor: Thank you for being my best friend and my greatest support. This
book is for you.
And to Larry: Thank you for seeing in me what I had not noticed, and thank
you for inviting me on this wild ride. I have enjoyed every minute of it.
Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Contents ChapTer 6 Verbs 74
Action Verbs 75
Linking Verbs 76
Helping (Auxiliary) Verbs 81
To Be, To Have, and To Do 82
I Components at Work 85
The FundamenTals 1
ChapTer 7 Irregular Verbs 90
ChapTer 1 Your Grammatical Roots: Principal Parts of a Verb 91
Nouns, Pronouns, and Verbs 2 Three Pairs of Troublesome Verbs 99
Nouns 3 Lie and Lay 99
Common and Proper Nouns 4 Sit and Set 99
Pronouns 7 Rise and Raise 100
Subject and Object Pronouns 8 Components at Work 103
Verbs 10
Action Verbs 10 ChapTer 8 Subject-Verb Agreement 108
Subject-Verb Agreement 109
Linking Verbs 11
Thirteen Rules for Subject-Verb Agreement 109
Helping (Auxiliary) Verbs 13
Components at Work 15 Components at Work 120
ChapTer 2 Cultivating Your Grammatical Roots I: ChapTer 9 Clauses 125
Adjectives and Adverbs 19 Clauses 126
Adjectives 20 Adjective and Adverb Subordinate Clauses 127
Comparative and Superlative Adjectives 21 Punctuating Adverb Clauses 132
Less and Fewer 21 Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Adjective Subordinate
Possessive as Adjectives 22 Clauses 134
Adverbs 24 Sentence Combining and Adjective and Adverb Subordinate
Good and Well 27 Clauses 138
Components at Work 29 Components at Work 143
ChapTer 3 Cultivating Your Grammatical Roots II: InTerIm Reviewing Your Growth 149
Conjunctions, Prepositions, and Interjections 32 Parts of Speech 150
Conjunctions 33 Subjects and Verbs 153
Coordinating Conjunctions 33 Subjects That Don’t Look Like Subjects 156
Correlative Conjunctions 34 Clauses 158
Subordinating Conjunctions 35 Demonstrating Your Growth 162
Adverbial Conjunctions 36
II
Prepositions 38 The elemenTs oF ComposITIon 165
Interjections 45
Components at Work 46 ChapTer 10 Writing Paragraphs 166
The Paragraph 167
ChapTer 4 Subjects 51 The Topic and Topic Sentence 167
Subjects 52
Direct and Climactic Paragraphs 168
Single Subjects 52
Unity 170
Either . . . Or and Neither . . . Nor and Or 53
Support 173
Compound Subjects 55
Coherence 175
As Well As and Along With 55
Audience and Audience Analysis 177
Subject Pronouns 57
The Purpose or Intent of the Paragraph 179
Components at Work 60
Narration 179
ChapTer 5 Subjects That Don’t Look like Subjects 62 Description 180
Indefinite Pronouns 63 Explanation 181
The Understood You of Imperatives 65 Illustration/Example 181
Verbals: Gerunds and Infinitives 66 Cause and Effect 182
Gerunds 66 Comparison and Contrast 184
Infinitives 67 Division 184
Components at Work 70 Classification 185
iv
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ChapTer 6 Verbs 74
Action Verbs 75
Linking Verbs 76
Helping (Auxiliary) Verbs 81
To Be, To Have, and To Do 82
Components at Work 85
ChapTer 7 Irregular Verbs 90
Principal Parts of a Verb 91
Three Pairs of Troublesome Verbs 99
Lie and Lay 99
Sit and Set 99
Rise and Raise 100
Components at Work 103
ChapTer 8 Subject-Verb Agreement 108
Subject-Verb Agreement 109
Thirteen Rules for Subject-Verb Agreement 109
Components at Work 120
ChapTer 9 Clauses 125
Clauses 126
Adjective and Adverb Subordinate Clauses 127
Punctuating Adverb Clauses 132
Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Adjective Subordinate
Clauses 134
Sentence Combining and Adjective and Adverb Subordinate
Clauses 138
Components at Work 143
InTerIm Reviewing Your Growth 149
Parts of Speech 150
Subjects and Verbs 153
Subjects That Don’t Look Like Subjects 156
Clauses 158
Demonstrating Your Growth 162
II
The elemenTs oF ComposITIon 165
ChapTer 10 Writing Paragraphs 166
The Paragraph 167
The Topic and Topic Sentence 167
Direct and Climactic Paragraphs 168
Unity 170
Support 173
Coherence 175
Audience and Audience Analysis 177
The Purpose or Intent of the Paragraph 179
Narration 179
Description 180
Explanation 181
Illustration/Example 181
Cause and Effect 182
Comparison and Contrast 184
Division 184
Classification 185
v
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vi Contents
Definition 186
Process Analysis 186
Persuasion 188
ChapTer 11 Inventing and Organizing 190
The Writing Process 191
Step 1: Inventing 192
Brainstorming 193
Freewriting 193
Journalistic Questioning 195
Clustering 197
Cubing 198
Step 2: Organizing 200
General to Specific 201
Specific to General 201
Order of Importance 201
Order of Familiarity 202
Chronological Order 203
Spatial Order 203
Outline 204
ChapTer 12 Drafting, Revising, and Editing 207
Step 3: Drafting 208
Step 4: Revising 209
Micro and Macro Revisions 211
Step 5: Editing/Proofreading 213
Submitting Your Paper 214
III
enhanCIng The FundamenTals 217
ChapTer 13 Verb Phrases: Infinitive and Participial Phrases 218
Infinitive Phrases 219
Participial Phrases 221
Sentence Combining and Sentence Variety 226
Components at Work 229
ChapTer 14 Noun Phrases: Prepositional, Absolute, and
Appositive Phrases 232
Prepositional Phrases 233
Absolute Phrases 235
Appositive Phrases 239
Components at Work 242
ChapTer 15 Simple and Compound Sentences 246
Simple Sentences 247
Compound Sentences 250
Compound Sentences and Coordinating Conjunctions 250
Compound Sentences and Semicolons 251
Compound Sentences and Adverbial Conjunctions 253
Compound Sentences and Coordination 255
Simple and Compound Sentences and Sentence Combining 257
Components at Work 260
ChapTer 16 Complex and Compound-Complex Sentences 264
Complex Sentences 265
Complex Sentences and Subordination 267
Complex Sentences and Commas 268
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Contents vii
Compound-Complex Sentences 269
Compound-Complex Sentences and Coordination and
Subordination 270
Complex and Compound-Complex Sentences and Sentence
Combining 272
Components at Work 275
ChapTer 17 Verb Tenses and Mood 281
Twelve Active Verb Tenses 282
Simple Tenses: Present, Past, Future 282
Perfect Tenses: Present, Past, Future 284
Progressive Tenses: Present, Past, Future 286
Perfect Progressive Tenses: Present, Past, Future 288
Verbs and Mood 294
Components at Work 300
ChapTer 18 Active and Passive Voice and Parallel Structure 302
Active and Passive Voice 303
Parallel Structure 305
Components at Work 310
ChapTer 19 Punctuation Marks 317
Comma ( , ) 318
Commas and Items in a Series 319
Commas between Coordinate Adjectives 320
Commas and Direct Quotations 323
Commas with Dates, Addresses, and Other Material 325
Commas and Parenthetical Expressions 326
Semicolon ( ; ) 329
Semicolons and Independent Clauses 329
Semicolons and Items in a Series 329
Colon ( : ) 331
Apostrophe ( ’ ) 332
Contractions 332
Possessives 333
Possessives with Singular Nouns 334
Possessives with Singular Nouns That End in S 334
Possessives with Plural Nouns 334
Dash (—) 336
Quotation Marks ( “ ” ) 338
Direct Quotation of Spoken Words 338
Indirect Quotation of Spoken Words 338
Paraphrase of Spoken Words 338
Direct Quotation of a Written Work 339
Paraphrase of a Written Work 339
Titles of Short Works 339
Other Uses for Quotation Marks 339
Hyphen ( - ) 340
Exclamation Mark ( ! ) 342
Components at Work 344
appendICes 347
A Capitalization 348
B Pronouns 354
glossary 359
Index 365
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