Integrated Protected Area Management

309 Pages·1999·6.638 MB·English

by  Martin Holdgate, Adrian Phillips (auth.), Ian R. Swingland, Mike Walkey, Shaun Russell (eds.)

Integrated Protected
Area Management
ISBN 978-1-4613-7408-4 ISBN 978-1-4615-5279-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-5279-6
Integrated Protected Area
Management
Edited by
M. Walkey,
1. Swingland
The Durrell Instituie o/Conserva/ion and Ecology
Universify of Kenf al Canterbury
Kenl, UK
and
S. Russell
Environmenfal Consultant
Caernarfoll
Gwynedd, UK
SPRINGER SC!ENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
Lîbrary of Congress Catalog Card Number: 98-070700
ISBN 978-1-4613-7408-4 ISBN 978-1-4615-5279-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-5279-6
AII Rights Reserved
C 1999 Springer Scicncc+llusincss Media New York
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishcrs in 1999
Softoover reprint of the haJdcover 1s t edition 1999
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utilizoo in aoy form Of by aoy means, elfftronic or mcchanical, including
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Contents
List of contributors xi
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xv
List of abbreviations XVI
1 Protected areas in context 1
Martin Holdgate and Adrian Philips
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The concept of the 'protected area' 2
1.3 The significance of changing attitudes to nature 3
1.4 The diversity of protected areas 7
1.5 The UN List 10
1.6 Caracas: the problems and the challenges identified 12
1.7 The conclusions of Caracas 14
1.8 The economic valuation of protected areas 15
1.9 Protected areas in context 17
1.10 Protected areas and local people 19
1.11 Conclusions 21
References 22
2 Designation of and management planning for
protected areas 25
Chris Newbold
2.1 Ramsar sites and Special Protection Areas (SPAs) 26
2.1.1 Ramsar sites 26
2.1.2 Special Protection Areas 26
2.2 National Nature Reserves and Marine Nature
Reserves 27
2.3 SSSIs in England 27
2.3.1 SSSIs and their management in relation to
owner / occupiers 27
2.4 A new approach to SSSI management 28
2.4.1 Wildlife Enhancememt Scheme and Species
Action Programme 28
2.5 Biodiversity Action Plans 28
vi Contents
2.6 Actions or initiatives taken by other organizations to
aid the management planning of protected areas 29
2.7 Natural Areas 29
2.8 Natural Areas and wetlands 30
2.9 Sources of information 31
2.10 National overview 32
2.10.1 Introduction 32
2.10.2 Distribution of wetland SSSIs within Natural
Areas 33
2.10.3 Distribution of wetland habitats within
Natural Areas 37
2.10.4 Key issues facing wetland sites 47
2.11 Wetland profiles 47
2.11.1 Natural Area name 47
2.11.2 Wetland significance 47
2.11.3 Description 49
2.11.4 Wetland SSSI coverage 50
2.11.5 Key wetland types 50
2.11.6 Key wetland sites 51
2.11.7 Length of rivers 51
2.11.8 Nationally rare and scarce wetland plant
species 51
2.11.9 Associated interests 51
2.11.10 Issues 51
2.11.11 Key objectives in management planning 51
2.12 Conclusion 55
Appendix 2A UK sites listed as wetlands of international
importance under the Ramsar Convention 57
Appendix 2B UK sites classified as Special Protection Areas
under EC Birds Directive 61
Appendix 2C Example Natural Area profiles 66
Appendix 2D Assessment of wetland significance, by
Natural Areas 74
Appendix 2E NVC wetland communities and river
types 76
References 79
3 Conservation through development: the protected landscape
approach 81
Peter A. Ogden
3.1 Protected landscape concept 81
3.2 Protected landscape approach in Britain 83
3.2.1 Guardianship 89
3.2.2 Strategic guidance 89
Contents vii
3.2.3 Management intervention 94
3.3 The way forward 98
Appendix 3A Profile of the Snowdonia National Park 100
References 101
4 Links Between Population and Environment research
programme: possible lessons for integrated protected area
management 103
Carolyne Dennis
4.1 Introduction 103
4.2 General characteristics of the programme 104
4.3 General findings arising from research under the
programme 107
4.4 Factors mediating the relationship between population
and environment 111
4.5 Conclusion 114
4.6 Publications under this research programme 114
5 Identifying priorities for management of large mammals in
Mkomazi Game Reserve, Tanzania 117
S. Keith Eltringham
5.1 Introduction 117
5.2 Vegetation 119
5.3 Mammalian megafauna 119
5.4 Land use history 121
5.5 Management priorities 122
5.5.1 Species reintroduction 123
5.5.2 Community participation 125
5.5.3 Research 125
5.6 Prognosis 127
References 128
6 Valuation and management of protected areas in Venezuela 129
David R. Waugh and Edgard Yerena
6.1 Introduction 129
6.2 Methods 131
6.3 Results 131
6.3.1 Synopsis of protected areas in Venezuela 131
6.3.2 Protected areas: management under pressure 134
6.3.3 Costs and benefits of Venezuelan protected areas 139
6.3.4 Private protected areas 146
6.4 Discussion 146
Acknowledgements 148
References 149
viii Contents
7 Commercialization, structure and sustainability of
biodiversity conservation 151
Ian R. Swingland
7.1 Introduction 151
7.2 Definitions 152
7.3 Constraints and limits to sustainable development 153
7.4 Difficulties in determining criteria for assessing
sustainability 153
7.5 Community biodiversity utilization projects 160
7.6 Conservation and sustainable bioresource use 162
7.7 Mechanisms of commercialization 164
7.7.1 Non-timber forest production 164
7.7.2 Germplasm 164
7.7.3 Molecular biotechnology 164
7.7.4 Ecotourism 165
7.8 Casebooks 166
7.8.1 Indonesia 166
7.8.2 The Sundarbans, Bangladesh 170
References 179
8 Aquatic biodiversity conservation in wetland and marine
protected areas 181
Mike Walkey
8.1 Introduction 181
8.2 Establishment of wetland and marine protected areas 184
8.2.1 Freshwater protected areas 185
8.2.2 Marine protected areas 187
8.3 Threats to wetland and marine protected areas 190
8.4 Approaches to wetland and marine reserve
management 193
8.5 Sustainable and multipurpose use 199
8.6 The future 202
References 204
9 Modelling for sustainable forest use 209
Kim T. Parker and Catrinus J. Jepma
9.1 Introduction 209
9.2 Global modelling 209
9.3 SARUM global model 212
9.4 Forestry model 214
9.5 Linking the models: land use 215
9.6 Illustrative simulations 217
9.6.1 Base scenario 219
Contents ix
9.6.2 Scenario A: sustainable forest management,
tax-transfer financed 219
9.6.3 Scenario B: sustainable development, aid financed 221
9.7 Results 226
9.7.1 Scenario A 226
9.7.2 Scenario B 231
9.8 Conclusions 233
Acknowledgements 234
References 234
10 Conflict analysis and resolution 237
John N.R. Jeffers
10.1 Introduction 237
10.2 Conflict: some paradigms 238
10.3 Conventional approaches to conflict 240
10.4 Alternative methods 240
10.5 Computer-based techniques 241
10.6 Metagame analysis 243
10.7 Conclusion 246
References 247
11 From English moors and meadows to the Amazon rainforest:
land use, biodiversity management and forgotten law 249
Stuart R. Harrop
11.1 Introduction 249
11.2 Old English regulation of land use 251
a
11.2.1 Profits prendre 252
11.2.2 Common rights 255
11.3 Common rights - the wider implications for
biodiversity management 257
References 260
12 Aid for environment: the greening of development
priorities 261
Shaun Russell
12.1 Introduction 261
12.2 Aid trends and the greening of development priorities 261
12.3 Multilateral agencies 263
12.3.1 W orId Bank 263
12.3.2 United Nations 264
12.3.3 European Economic Union (EEU) 264
12.3.4 Commonwealth 265
12.3.5 Military funding sources 265
x Contents
12.4 Bilateral aid agencies 266
12.4.1 Japan 266
12.4.2 France 267
12.4.3 United States 267
12.4.4 Germany 268
12.4.5 United Kingdom 268
12.4.6 Canada 270
12.4.7 Sweden 270
12.4.8 Australia 271
12.4.9 Denmark 271
12.4.10 Norway 271
12.4.11 Finland 271
12.4.12 New Zealand 272
12.4.13 Ireland 272
12.5 Discussion 272
12.6 Conclusion 275
Acknowledgements 275
References 275
13 Training: its importance and responsiveness to changing
needs 277
David R. Waugh
13.1 Introduction 277
13.2 Basis of a training system 278
13.3 Areas for improvement of a training system 281
13.4 Present and future priorities for training 282
13.4.1 Application of valuation techniques 283
13.4.2 Interpretation and community liaison 284
13.4.3 Marketing and visitor management 284
13.4.4 Technology and management information 285
13.5 Conclusions 285
References 286
14 Conclusions and prognosis 289
Ian R. Swingland and Mike Walkey
Index 293
Contributors
Carolyne Dennis, Development and Project Planning Centre, University
of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD71DP, UK
S. Keith Eltringham, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge,
Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
Stuart R. Harrop, The Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology,
University of Kent at Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
Sir Martin Holdgate (President, Zoological Society of London; former
Director General, IUCN), 35 Wingate Way, Trumpington, Cambridge
CB22HD, UK
John N.R. Jeffers, Glenside, Oxenholme, Kendal, Cumbria LA9 7RE, UK
Catrinus J. Jepma, Department of Economics, The University of
Groningen, Zernikacomplex, Postbus 800, 9700 A V Groningen, The
Netherlands
Chris Newbold, Senior Wetland Ecologist, English Nature,
Northminster House, Peterborough PEIIUA, UK
Peter A. Ogden, Director of Planning, International Centre for Protected
Landscapes, Science Park, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3AH, Wales,
UK
Kim T. Parker, The Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, The
University of Kent at Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NF, UK
Adrian Phillips, University of Wales, Cardiff: Chair of IUCN's
Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, 2 The Old Rectory,
Dumbleton, Evesham WRll 6TG, UK
Shaun Russell, The Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology,
University of Kent at Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
Ian R. Swingland, The Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology,
University of Kent at Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
Mike Walkey, The Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology,
University of Kent at Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
David R. Waugh, Royal Scottish Zoological Society, Edinburgh EH12 GT5
Edgard Yerena, La Comision del Ambiente del Congreso Nacional,
Apdo. 68409, Altamira, Caracas 1062-A, Venezuela