Pediatric Dentistry

378 Pages·2013·17.57 MB·English

Pediatric Dentistry

Pediatric Dentistry
A clinical approach
Second edition
Editors
Göran Koch
Sven Poulsen
This edition fi rst published 2009
© 2009 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
© 2001 by Munksgaard, Copenhagen
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Pediatric dentistry : a clinical approach / editors, Göran Koch, Sven Poulsen. -- 2nd ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4051-6100-8 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Pedodontics. I. Koch, Göran. II. Poulsen, Sven.
[DNLM: 1. Pediatric Dentistry. 2. Dental Care for Children--methods. WU 480 P36983 2009]
RK55.C5P447 2009
617.6’45--dc22
2008030047
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
1 2009
Contents
Preface to the second edition xiii Perspectives on psychological development 17
A biopsychosocial approach 17
Contributors xiv Aspects of psychological development 18
Cognitive development 18
1 Pediatric oral health care: Emotional development 21
the perspectives 1 Developmental tasks 23
Sven Poulsen and Göran Koch Man is a social animal 24
Attachment theory 24
How it began: the historical perspective 1
Social ecology 25
Community responsibility: the population
A holistic description of children of
perspective 1
different ages 25
From birth to adolescence: the oral health
The preschool years (3–5 years) 25
perspective 1
The elementary school years (6–12 years) 26
UN Convention on the Rights of the Child:
Adolescence (13–18 years) 27
the ethical perspective 2
Developmental psychopathology 28
Pediatric dentistry: the clinical perspective 3
The biopsychosocial model 29
References 4
Resilience and protective factors 29
Developmental lines 29
2 Growth and pubertal development 5
Summary 30
Anders Juul, Sven Kreiborg and
References 30
Katharina M. Main
Measurement of growth in different phases 4 Dental fear and behavior
of life 5 management problems 32
Prenatal growth 5 Gunilla Klingberg, Magne Raadal and
Postnatal growth 5 Kristina Arnrup
Infancy 6
D efi nitions and prevalence of dental fear and
Childhood 7
anxiety 32
Puberty 7
Etiology 33
Growing pains 8
Personal factors 34
Evaluation of growth charts 8
External factors 35
Bone age determination 10
Dental factors 36
Final height prediction 10
Principles of management 37
Dental age determination 10
Creating a safe environment for the child 37
Disorders of growth and puberty 11
Behavior shaping 38
Intrauterine growth restriction 11
Desensitization 39
Postnatal growth failure 11
Behavioral techniques in combination with
Tall stature and growth acceleration 13
sedatives 41
Early puberty 15
Emergency situations 42
Late puberty 15
Specialized pediatric dentists 42
Disorders with deviations in dental maturity 15
References 43
Conclusion 15
References 16
5 Pain, pain control, and sedation 44
Magne Raadal, Stefan Lundeberg and
3 Child and adolescent psychological
Gro Haukali
development 17
Anders G. Broberg and Gunilla Klingberg Methods of pain control 46
vi Contents
Local analgesia and pain control 47 8 Radiographic examination and
Intraoral topical analgesics 47 diagnosis 79
Local analgesic solutions 47 Hanne Hintze and Ivar Espelid
Methods of administration 47
Indications for radiographs in children and
Contraindications 51
adolescents 79
Complications 51
Principles for interpretation of radiographs 79
Toxicity 51
Radiographic anomalies and pathologies in
Preparation of the patient 52
children and adolescents 80
General analgesia 53
Caries and its sequela 80
Conscious sedation 53
Intervals between bitewing examinations 81
Indications and contraindications 54
Trauma to teeth and supporting tissue 82
Oral and rectal administration of
Developmental and acquired dental anomalies 82
benzodiazepines 54
Systemic diseases and syndromes 83
Routes and doses 55
Treatment planning prior to orthodontics 83
Clinical considerations 56
Treatment planning prior to surgery 83
General anesthesia 58
Intraoral radiographic techniques 83
References 59
Periapical radiographs 83
Bitewing radiographs 84
6 Dental caries in children and
Three-dimensional object localization
adolescents 61
radiographs 85
Marit Slåttelid Skeie, Lill-Kari Wendt
Extraoral radiographic techniques 86
and Sven Poulsen
Panoramic examination 86
Childhood dental caries as a health Scanography 87
problem 61 Computed tomography 87
Epidemiology of dental caries in children Radiation protection 89
and adolescents 62 Patient protection in general 89
Epidemiological data on dental caries 63 Image receptor sensitivity 89
Dental caries in the primary dentition of Beam collimation 89
preschool children 64 Lead protection 89
Caries in the permanent dentition 66 Patient cooperation 90
Caries in children and adolescents in a References 90
changing society 67
References 68 9 Caries prevention 91
Göran Koch, Sven Poulsen and
7 Case history and clinical examination 71 Svante Twetman
Sven Poulsen and Lars Matsson
The importance and concepts of caries
Case history 71 prevention 91
The family history 72 How does caries develop? 92
General medical history 72 Evidence-based prevention 94
Dental history 73 The randomized controlled trial 94
Clinical examination 73 Where to fi nd the evidence 95
General appearance 73 Basics of caries prevention 96
Examination of the head and neck 73 Diet 96
Intraoral examination 74 Plaque control 98
Examination of the oral mucosa 74 Fluoride 99
Examination of periodontal tissues 75 Fissure sealing 102
Examination of teeth 75 Preventive strategies 103
Examination for temporomandibular joint High-risk and population strategies 103
problems 77 Evaluation of caries risk in individuals 105
Examination of occlusion 77 Background data and clinical evaluation
Records 77 of caries risk 105
References 78 Risk ages 107
Contents vii
Preventive and operative care: a coordinated Indices for dental erosion 147
approach 108 Follow-up of patients with erosions 147
References 108 Preventive policies 148
General aspects 148
10 Diagnosis and management of dental Elimination of etiological factors 148
caries 110 Population-based prevention 149
Ingegerd Mejàre, Magne Raadal and Restorative treatment 150
Ivar Espelid References 151
The concept of caries diagnosis 110
12 Pedodontic endodontics 153
Detection and assessment of the caries lesion
Ulla Schröder
(caries diagnosis) 110
Assessing and grading lesion severity 111 Diagnosis of pulp lesions in primary and
Assessing and grading lesion activity 111 immature permanent teeth 153
Diagnostic tools 111 Should endodontic interventions be carried
Visual–tactile and radiographic out in the primary dentition? 154
examination 111 Endodontic techniques in primary teeth 154
Occlusal surfaces (pit and fi ssures) 113 Stepwise excavation 155
Free smooth surfaces 115 Direct pulp capping 156
Approximal surfaces 115 Partial pulpotomy 156
Alternative/supplementary diagnostic tools 116 Pulpotomy 157
The concept of caries treatment 116 Pulpectomy and root canal therapy 157
Nonoperative treatment 116 Wound dressings and tissue reactions 157
Operative (restorative) treatment 117 Calcium hydroxide and MTA 157
Indications for operative (restorative) Formocresol 158
treatment of primary teeth 118 Ferric sulfate 158
Treatment planning 118 Complications (primary teeth) 159
Restorative procedures 120 Follow-up and long-term prognosis
Restorative materials: basic principles and (primary dentition) 159
handling 120 Pulp therapy in immature permanent
S pecifi c conditions for different age groups 121 teeth 159
0–3 years 121 Stepwise excavation 159
3–6 years (primary teeth) 124 Partial pulpotomy 159
6–12 years 128 Pulpotomy 160
12–19 years 131 Pulpectomy 160
References 137 Root canal treatment 160
Bleaching of nonvital discolored permanent
11 Dental erosion 141 teeth 161
Ann-Katrin Johansson, Göran Koch and Handling the emergency child patient 163
Sven Poulsen Pain at food intake 163
Toothache at night 163
Epidemiology 141
Use of antibiotics 164
Etiology 142
References 165
Gastroesophageal refl ux (disease) 143
Asthma 143
13 Periodontal conditions 166
Eating disorders 143
Bengt Sjödin and Lars Matsson
Other factors associated with dental erosion 144
Drinking habits 144 Normal periodontal conditions 166
Salivary factors 144 Primary dentition 166
Oral hygiene practices 144 Permanent dentition 166
Lifestyle 144 B acteria-induced infl ammatory periodontal
Case history and clinical examination 145 diseases 167
Case history 145 Gingivitis 167
Clinical examination 146 Clinical picture 167
viii Contents
Age-related differences 167 15 Eruption and shedding of teeth 197
Etiology 168 Göran Koch, Sven Kreiborg and
Treatment 170 Jens O. Andreasen
Periodontitis 170
Chronology of normal tooth eruption 197
Clinical picture 170
Primary dentition 197
Classifi cation and epidemiology 171
Permanent dentition 197
Chronic periodontitis 172
Mechanism and theories of tooth eruption 197
Aggressive periodontitis 172
Mechanism of shedding of primary teeth 200
Etiology and risk factors 173
Systemic disturbances affecting tooth
Screening and treatment 177
eruption and shedding 200
Prevention of bacteria-induced infl ammatory
Premature tooth eruption 201
periodontal diseases 178
Delayed tooth eruption 201
Mechanical plaque control 178
Premature shedding of primary teeth 202
Chemical plaque control 179
Local disturbances affecting tooth eruption
Gingival recession 179
and shedding 203
Gingival enlargements 179
Local aberrations in primary dentition 203
Drug-induced gingival overgrowth 179
Natal and neonatal tooth eruption 203
Gingival fi bromatosis 180
Symptoms associated with “teething” 203
Necrotizing periodontal diseases 180
Fibrotic mucosa and eruption cysts 204
Traumatic ulcerative gingival lesions 180
Infraocclusion of primary molars 204
Streptococcal gingivitis 181
Retention of primary teeth 206
References 181
Local aberrations in permanent dentition 206
Ectopic eruption 206
14 Tooth development and disturbances
Ectopic malpositions 207
in number and shape of teeth 183
Sequelae to trauma 208
Göran Koch, Irma Thesleff and
Supernumerary teeth, mesiodentes, and
Sven Kreiborg
odontomas 208
Mechanisms of normal and abnormal tooth Ankylosis 208
Developmental disturbances 210
development 183
Background literature 211
Principles of tooth development 183
References 211
Molecules regulating tooth development 183
Disturbances in tooth development 186
16 Occlusal development, preventive,
Genetic causes of disturbed tooth
and interceptive orthodontics 212
development 186
Jüri Kurol and Bengt Mohlin
Hypodontia and abnormal tooth shape 187
Hyperdontia 187 Occlusal development of the primary
Clinical aspects 187 dentition 213
Chronology of dental development 187 Malocclusions in the primary dentition 214
Dental age estimation 188 Etiology of malocclusion in the primary
Terminology and defi nitions 188 dentition 214
Numerical variations in the primary Prevalence of malocclusions in the primary
dentition 188 dentition 214
Numerical variations in the permanent Space conditions 215
dentition 189 Malocclusion in the vertical plane 215
Syndromes involving congenitally missing Malocclusions in the sagittal plane 215
teeth 189 Malocclusions in the transversal plane 217
Treatment of children with missing teeth Treatment need and cost-benefi t for
or hyperdontia 189 treatment of posterior cross bites 218
Morphologic abnormalities 190 Treatment of posterior cross bites 218
Odontomas 195 Occlusal development through the mixed to
Background literature 196 permanent dentition 219
References 196 Front teeth 220