Sandgrouse

2011·14.4 MB·English

by  Ornithological Society of the Middle East

Sandgrouse
VOLUME
33(2) 201
I
ORNITHOLOGICALSOCIETYOFTHEMIDDLEEAST
THECAUCASUSANDCENTRALASIA
OSME
)
ORNITHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF THE MIDDLE EAST
THE CAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIA
OSME
OSME was founded in 1978 as the successor VICE PRESIDENTS (AS ATJUNE 201 I
to the Ornithological Society ofTurkey. Its Imad Atrash (Palestine)
primary aims are: Dr Ghassan Ramadan-Jaradi (Lebanon)
Mona Ramadan-Jaradi (Lebanon)
• To collect, collate and publish data on all
aspects ofthe birds of the Middle East, the Ali bin Amer Al Kiyumi (Oman)
Caucasus and Central Asia. SherifBaha el Din (Egypt)
Ramaz Gokhelashvili (Georgia)
• To promote an interest in ornithology and
Dan Alon (Israel)
bird conservation throughout the Middle
Dr Akram Eissa Darwish (Syria)
East, the Caucasus and Central Asia.
Dr Sergey Sklyarenko (Kazakhstan)
• To develop productive working Dr Ali Adhami Mirhosseyni (Iran)
relationships with governmental and Azzam Alwash (Iraq)
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interest in conservation and/or natural
history in the region. COUNCIL (AS ATJUNE 201 I)
Michael Blair
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Sandgrouse, containing papers, news and Guy Kirwan
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SandGROUSE
VOLUME 33 (2) 2011
98 Anoteonoccurrenceatman-madehabitatsofwinteringGreater 182 Photospot:Desertbirdsin
SpottedAquilaclangaand EasternImperialEaglesA. heliacainthe Kuwait.
coastalbeltofeasternSaudiArabia. Brian S Meadows 189 Reviews.
102 ThefirstbreedingrecordofGlossyIbisesPlegadisfalcinellusfor 191 OSMENews. Geoff Welch
Cyprus. Michael Miltiadou
193 News&Information. Dawn
109 OccurrenceofWesternBlackRedstartPhoeniciirusochruros
Balmer (compiler)
gihraltariensis inKazakhstan,inrelationtoitsrecenteastwards
expansioninRussia.Arend Wassink 200 AroundtheRegion.
Dawn Balmer & Ian FHarrison
112 ThefirstrecordofYellow-throatedSparrow Gymnorisxanthocollis
(compilers)
inEgypt. Massimiliano Dettori & Istvan Moldovan
Photoabove:Menetries's
114 LevantSparrowhawkAccipiterbrevipesbreedingpopulationsin WarblerSylviamystacea,
YerevanandtheMeghriregion, Armenia. VasilAnanian, Karen Ajban, AbuDhabi
Aghababyan, Siranush Tumanyan, GrigorJanoian & Keith Bildstein Emirate, 19February2011.
120 Recentbreedingrecordsand statusofBarnOwl TytoalbainGilan ©MikeBarth {www.mike-
province,northernIran.Abbas Ashoori, Hossien Alinejad & Ali Hamraz barth.blogspot.com)
122 Observationsonbirdmigration,Egypt: FayidApril 1954. Coverphoto:Hypocolius
John R Sinms, Ian Simms & Alex M Simms Hypocoliusampelinus,
132 WatercockGallicrexcinereaonSocotra, anewbirdforYemen. 4SilDae,cAebmubeDrha2b01i0.Emirate,
RF Porter & Ahmed Saeed Suleiman ©MikeBarth
134 ObservationsofClamorousReedWarblersAcrocephalusstentoreus
brunnescens andMangroveReedWarblersAcrocephalus (scirpaceus)
avicenniaeinmangrovesoftheYemenRedseacoast. Richard Porter
& David Stanton
139 Theinfluenceofwindconditionsandtopographyonsoaring
migrantsonthewesternsideofthesoutherngulfofSuez, Egypt.
Gudrun Hilgerloh. Graeme Pegram & Alf Schreiber
149 WhyhasonlyonewheatearOenanthespeciescolonisedCyprus?
Peter Flint
163 AnavifaunalsurveyoftheIstrancamountains,TurkishThrace:
novelbreedingbirdrecordsincludingthefirstbreedingrecordof
WoodWarblerPhylloscopussibilatrixinTurkey. Korhan Ozkan
174 EasternnominateNightingalesLusciniam. megarhynchosinCyprus
in2011. Clive Walton
177 FirstrecordsofBlack-headedHeronArdeamelanocephalainSaudi
Arabia. Ross Ahmed
179 MigratorysoaringbirdarrivalscoastalsouthwestSinai, spring
2006. Mary Megalli
181 BootedEagleHieraaetuspennatuslongevityrecord.William S Clark,
Carol McIntyre, Ohad FHatzofe & Edna Gorney
Sandgrouse 33 (2011) 97
A note on occurrence at man-made habitats
of wintering Greater Spotted Aquila danga
A
and Eastern Imperial Eagles heliaca in the
coastal belt of eastern Saudi Arabia
BRIAN S MEADOWS
Observations over a ten-year period confirm that Greater Spotted Eagles Aquila danga—despite
recent losses of natural wetland sites—are now utilizing man-made wetland habitats and a few
EasternImperial EaglesAquila heliaca are also wintering regularly at man-made sites, particularly
landfills, in addition to traditional steppe. This note includes a brief discussion on trends and
possiblefuturedevelopmentofman-madehabitatsinthecoastalbeltofeasternSaudiArabia.
BACKGROUND
Greater Spotted Aquila danga and Eastern Imperial Eagles Aquila heliaca have been
declining for many decades. In the case of the former it is known that this was on-going
from as early as the mid-nineteenth century as persecution increased and wooded
wetlands were destroyed in Europe {egBrown 1976). Threats to the EasternImperial Eagle
are more recent especially in Asia. One reason for their decline is probably the loss of
fields and pastures as a result of less agriculture in their forest-steppe breeding grounds
following the collapse of the Soviet Union. Central Asia is a likely source area for Eastern
Imperial Eagles occurring in eastern Saudi Arabia—a bird tagged in Kazakhstan in July,
for example, was found later in the same year in Qatar (Balmer & Murdoch 2010) and in
2010 three wing-tagged birds, also from Kazakhstan, were seen in Kuwait.
Although some individuals of both species winter south of the equator—a Greater
Spotted Eagle tagged in eastern Europe reached wetlands in southern Africa, and a few
EasternImperial Eagles are seeninmostyears on the highland steppes ofEastAfrica, the
Middle East still appears tobe a mainwintering area forboth species. Within the Middle
Eastthe northerninland deserts ofSaudi Arabia are known tobe an importantwintering
area for Eastern Imperial Eagles. Jennings et at (2009) estimated, based on extrapolated
data obtained during a survey in February 2009 which involved over 1500 km of driven
transect counts producing 63 birds, a population of over 4000 birds over the whole study
area of 231 407 km^. On 26 and 27 December 1996 I counted 10 birds along two 126 km
transects across the Dibdibah (a sub-zone of Saudi Arabia's northern desert) and on 3
January 1998 10largeAquilaeagles (atleast7beingEasternImperialEagles)were counted
along a 75 km transect in the same area; if these are extrapolated they would have given
similar estimates to Jennings et aVs (2009) figures. The total world population has been
given as probably not more than 2000breeding pairs (Ferguson-Lees & Christie 2001).
Until relatively recently the Eastern Imperial Eagle was almost entirely restricted to
the northern deserts and generally absent from the coastal belt, below 100 m asl, of the
Eastern province ofSaudi Arabia. In contrast, due to its preference for wetland habitats in
Arabia, such as freshwater marshes and mangrove swamps, the coastal zone has always
been virtually the onlywintering area for Greater Spotted Eagles (Bundy et al 1989).
However, as illustrated by Lobley (2007), both species of eagles are now occurring
regularly at some man-made sites in the coastal belt of eastern Saudi Arabia. Increasing
coastal urbanization and land reclamation as envisaged by Bundy et al (1989) has
accelerated extremely rapidly. It has included the completion of a new industrial city
at Jubail (27° 00' N, 49° 39' E), the designation of Greater Damman with the merger of
settlements at Dhahran, Al-Khobar, Damman and Qatif (26° 18' N, 50° 07' E to 26° 31' N,
98 Sandgrouse33 (2011)
50° or E) and expansion ofport facilities at several sites. Such developmenthas meant an
inevitable loss of natural habitats, especially some extensive stands of Avicennia marina
mangroves and coastal marsh grass. This note provides additional observations on the
utilization of six man-made sites by eagles obtained while I was a resident in the eastern
coastalbeltofSaudiArabia1994-2004.Mydatawasgatheredoveralongertimeframethan
Lobley (2007) and includes information on number of birds, presumably overwintering,
mid December-late February.
OBSERVATIONS
The six sites listed in Appendix 1 (all man-made or Table I. Cumulative monthlysightings of
man-modified) were all visited at least once each GreaterSpotted EaglesAquWa danga and
month, usually during the working week within the Eastern Imperial EaglesA. heliaca overthe
industrialcityofJubailoratweekendselsewhere. Each s20t0u4d)y,pseereiotdex(tI.September 1994-30April
sitevisitlastedaminimumof60minutesandalleagles
observed, save fly-over sightings, were recorded. If danga heliaca
more than one visit was made at a site the maximum September 0
1
numberofbirds seenduringthemonthhasbeenlisted October 9 0
in Table 1. This table gives the combined monthly November 33 12
occurrence of eagles at all of these sites 1 September December 29 7
1994-30 April 2004. January 14 14
In order to arrive at an estimate (see below) of February 9 1 1
the current overwintering population in the Saudi March 24 12
Arabian sector of the Gulf coastal lowlands—as April 14 0
defined in Jennings (2010)—only January data has
been used in order to eliminate, as far as possible, Table 2. Numberofsightings on an
birds on passage; also two of the sites (Qatif sanitary annual basis ofGreaterSpotted Eagles
landfill and adjacent Haradh dairy farm) have been Aquilo dangaand Eastern Imperial Eagles
considered tobe separate fromJubail as they attracted A. heliaca, seetext.
different individuals. Although eagles can travel over
a wide area, observations of distinctly marked birds danga heliaca
1994/5 13 4
did show some apparent interchange between the
1995/6 7 10
four localities at Jubail (including Khafrah marsh)
1996/7 6 8
but there was no indication of movement of birds
1997/8 8 9
between Jubail and Qatif in mid winter. Additionally,
1998/9 5 8
it was noticed, at least in the case of Eastern Imperial
Eagles at and around landfills, individuals ranged 1999/0 3 10
over a much smaller area than they would if they 2000/1 14 2
were hunting over natural steppe habitat further 2001/2 10 1
inland. The number of eagles seen only at Jubail sites 2002/3 46 0
in January over the 10-year recording period was 12 2003/4 2! 4
and 8 for Greater Spotted Eagle and Eastern Imperial
Eagle, respectively. Taking into account the fact that
severalnon-wetlandman-made siteswerenotvisitedbytheauthorinmidwinter {egPeter
Symens informed me that he saw 5 Eastern Imperial Eagles at an agricultural project—Al
Sharkiyah development area—50 km southwest of Jubail in January 1995) the number of
Eastern Imperial Eagles overwintering in the Saudi Arabian sector of the Gulf coastal
lowlands is probably not less than 3-4 individuals in most years. An equivalent estimate
for the number of overwintering Greater Spotted Eagles in this region is likely to be at
leastdoublethisfiguregivenonlytwooutofmanypotentiallysuitableman-madeorman-
modified wetlands were regularly checked.
Sandgrouse 33 (2011) 99
Table 2 lists the numbers ofboth species seen annually—save during 2002/3both were
recorded each year during the 10-year period. Tables 1 and 2 indicate that, contrary to
expectations, a significantdecline inwinteringeaglenumbershas, to date, apparently not
been evident and man-made sites show that they can provide suitable alternative feeding
areas.
Greater Spotted Eagles were found to arrive earlier and leave later than Eastern
Imperial Eagles although several records listed in Table 1 during late autumn and early
spring almost certainly included some birds on passage. Apart from a single record of a
Greater Spotted Eagle over a remaining mangrove stand at Tarut bay (26° 37' N, 50° 05'
E) and nine birds hunting over a long-established palm garden near Qatif on various
dates (both localities excluded from the Tables), all sites listed in Appendix 1 were the
only places where I saw these two species ofeagles within the coastal belt. Every locality
listed in Appendix 1 has been developed since around 1990; three of the six sites being
mentioned by Lobley (2007).
TRENDS
Observations (Table 2) indicate a small decline in Eastern Imperial Eagle numbers during
the second half of my residence while the number of Greater Spotted Eagles increased.
However, these trends cannot be confirmed statistically due to the ad-hoc way the data
was collected. The results for Greater Spotted Eagles may be genuine as the increase
coincides with the drainage of significant areas of the Iraq marshes following the end
of the Gulf war in 1991, and over the same period there was a considerable increase of
reed-swamp at Sabkhat al Fasl caused by rapid growth and colonization of additional
areas ofsabkhabyPhragmites australis. Itis knownthatthe Iraqmarsheswere a significant
wintering area for Greater Spotted Eagles prior to the Gulfwar (Scott & Carp 1982),
FUTURE
In the immediate future the need to provide services and necessary infrastructure, such
as sewage disposal and refuse disposal, will ensure that suitable sites will continue.
However, in the longer-term, advances in wastewater treatment technology could affect
thelong-term viability ofsome ofthe newly created wetland habitats in Saudi Arabia. For
example, it is known that there is a plan atJubail to eventually use surplus effluent, now
currentlybeing sent to Sabkhat al Fasl, in primary industries as a source ofprocess water
in place of existing supplies. In the case of refuse disposal, incineration of waste rather
than tipping into open cells is a possibility or composting cum recycling could also go
ahead atsome citiesinthefuture. Finally, there are alsoeconomic and political arguments
to abandon the continued use of groundwater abstraction for agricultural projects,
particularly those on sub-optimal soils.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
MichaelJenningssuppliedadditionaltransectdatafromhis2009surveyofnorthernSaudiArabia.
REFERENCES
Balmer,D &DMurdoch.201C. AroundtheRegion. Sandgrouse32: 91-102.
Brown,L. 1976. EaglesoftheWorld.David&Charles, NewtonAbbot,UK.
Bundy,G,RJConner&CJOHarrison. 1989. BirdsoftheEasternProvinceofSaudiArabia. Witherby, London.
Ferguson-Lees,J&DAChristie. 2001.RaptorsoftheWorld. ChristopherHelm, London.
JJeennnniinnggss,, MMCC., 2M01A0l. AStallaasmaohf,thBeAbbreuedQianbgoboisrd&sHofNAraalbSiuab.aFiea.im2a00o9f.ArWaibnitaer2i5n.gbirds in northern SaudiArabia:
February2009 (ABBA Survey40).Jennings, Cambs, UK. (SummaryPhoenix26: 19-24)
Lobley, GR. 2007. Wintering ofGreater Spotted Aquila clanga and Eastern Imperial EaglesA. heliaca in the
ArabianPeninsula. Sandgrouse29: 177-183.
100 Sandgrouse33 (2011)
Meadows,BS. 2004. Sitesofinterest: Sabkhatal-Fasl, EasternProvince, SaudiArabia.Plioenix20: 12-16.
Meadows, BS. 2009. Sitesofinterest: KhafrahMarsh, EasternProvince, SaudiArabia. Phoenix25: 9-10.
Scott,DA&ECarp. 1982.Amid-wintersurveyofwetlandsinMesopotamia,Iraq:1979. Sandgronse4:60-76.
Brian SMeadows, 9 OldHallLane, Walton-on-the-Naze, Essex, C0148LE, UK. [email protected]
Appendix I. Briefdescriptions ofman-made or man-modified sites regularlyvisited (see text).
Sabkhatal Fasl. Tiiis wasthe most importantsiteforeagles (atotal of94 Greater Spotted Eagles and 5 Eastern
Imperial Eagleswere seen here) and consists ofasalt-pan areathat receivesfullytreated sewage effluentofa
constanthigh quality surplusto irrigation requirementsfor landscaping in the industrial city ofJubail. Thewater
on the pans is veryshallow (usually less than 30 cm) and supports dense stands ofreedbeds exceeding 2500 ha
in area; waders and wildfowl occur in very large numbers. Reed-swampvegetation increased on an annual basis
1994-2004. Afuller description, includingan aerial viewofthe site, can befound in Meadows (2004).
Jubail sanitary landfill. This sitewas developed on asalt pan and used fordisposing mixed domestic (non-
hazardous) waste, which in Saudi Arabia has a high organic content unlike manyotherdevelopingcountries, plus
separate sectors for builders' rubbleandgarden waste. A series oflarge lined cells receivethewastefrom trucks.
Theattraction for Eastern Imperial Eagles tothis and similar landfills is probablythe quantity ofcarrion, such as
chicken carcasses and offal, available. The site produced only 2 GreaterSpotted Eagle sightings but27 Eastern
Imperial Eagles were seen overtheten-year recordingperiod.
Green-beltzone atJubail. Atthe industrial city ofJubail all petrochemical facilities have been located in a
primary industrial areaand agreen beltwheregrazinganimals are excluded has allowed desertvegetation to
develop on former reclaimed salt pans. Thegreen beltseparatesthe primary industrial areafrom residential and
support industryzones and was used by both species.
Khafrah marsh. This is awetland served by natural springsthathas been augmented by run-offwaterfrom
flood-irrigation ofhorticultural cropsforthe local market (26° 48' N, 49° 34' E). As in the case ofSabkhatal Fasl
the extentofreed-swamp increas—ed during my period ofresidence and this may havegraduallyattracted more
winteringGreaterSpotted Eagles had 5 sightings 2000-2004 but none previously. Eastern Imperial Eagles were
I
never recorded. The marsh has been described in more detail by Meadows (2009).
Haradh dairyfarm. Cows ar—e kept in covered shedswith open sides butarefed on foddergrown on adjacent
central-pivotsprinklersystems it is the latterthatattracted eagles ofboth species (15 GreaterSpotted Eagles and
5 Eastern Imperial Eagles). Thefarm is relativelyclosetothe coastand only9 km from the centre ofQatifwhich
is probablywhy so manyoftheformerspecieswere usingthis site. In the northe—rn desertswhere similarsprinkler
systems had been established, theauthor neverobserved Greater Spotted Eagles egata location 50 km westof
Nuayriyya (27° 28' N, 48° 27' E) the latter species was never recorded although 17 Eastern Imperial Eagleswere
seen hunting in crops belowthe sprinklers duringthreeJanuaryvisits.
Qatifsanitary landfill.A landfill developed on a relativelyflat partofthe al-Jufurah sand desert, a northerly
extension ofthe Empty Quarter (Rubal-Khali), used fordisposal ofdomestic wastewith separate areasforother
non-hazardous material.
Sandgrouse33 (2011) 101
The first breeding record of Glossy Ibises
Plegadis falcinellus for Cyprus
MICHAEL MILTIADOU
The Glossy Ibis Plegadisfalcinellus is a common passage migrant in Cyprus particularly
during spring, (Feb) Mar-May, with smaller numbers staging at the wetlands in autumn,
Aug-Sep (Oct). Large flocks migrate off the coast of Cyprus during autumn (Flint &
Stewart 1992). Migratingflocksofthe species areusuallyobserved flyingaround the coast
or over-flying the island but during wet springs, when coastal wetlands are waterlogged,
these flocks might stage for a week or more. However, ten pairs of Glossy Ibises were
observed nesting at the Ayios Lucas lake heronry, Famagusta, April-July 2010, the first
breeding record for Cyprus (Miltiadou 2010).
Although only a small percentage of the global population of Glossy Ibises breeds in
Europe that population has exhibited a moderate decline and is evaluated by BirdLife
International as a 'Species of European Concern, Declining' (Burfield & van Bommel
2004).ItbreedsinthreeeasternMediterraneancountriesaroundCyprus:Turkey(500-1000
pairs), Greece (150-200 pairs) and Israel (c300 pairs) (Cramp & Simmons 1978, Burfield &
van Bommel 2004).
AyiosLucas lake (Plate 1), akaFamagustaFreshwaterlake, is a lake thatwas createdby
damming part of a seasonal lake basin situated on the northwest side of Famagusta city
atLimni, and isbordered on the northby the Nicosia-Famagusta motorway. Itis partofa
seasonal flood plainthatopens into abrackish delta createdby thejoiningofthe Pediaeos
and Yialias intermittent rivers. The delta spreads between Famagusta and Salamis and is
located at the eastern end of the Mesaoria plain that runs across the middle of Cyprus.
Plate I. Ayios Lucas lake, Famagusta, Cyprus, with partofheronry in background. 23 April 2010. ©M Miltiadou
102 Sandgrouse33 (2011)
Plate 2. BreedingCattle EgretBubulcusibis,Ayios Lucas Plate 3. Cattle Egret chicks Bubulcus ibis at nest, Ayios
lake, 7July2010.©M Miltiadou Lucas lake, 7July2010.©/VI Miltiadou
As the island's lowlands were submerged
undertheseauptoclOO000yearsBP,thesoil
is saline with brackish plant communities
{Sueda vera, Arthrocnemum macrostacyum)
and saline 'flushes' are evident across the
Mesaoria plain especially around and
between Famagusta and Nicosia. The
water ofAyios Lucas lake is predominantly
brackish most years with the exception of
2010 when, due to heavy rainfall in winter
and spring and pumping of water from
Guenyeli dam, it was fresh. This dam was
built in 1964 to retainwater for agricultural
purposes as all wetland areas in Cyprus pj^^^ ^ battle Egret Bubulcus ibis nesting pair, Ayios
naturally dry up by late spring. The water Lucas lake, 21 May 2010.©M Miltiadou
holdingcapacityofAyiosLucaslakeis4545
m
000m^andthelakecoversc600hectaresatanelevationof40 asl(DamsofCyprushttp://
www.moa.gov.cy/moa/wdd/wdd.nsf/index).
Ayios Lucas lake gained ornithological prominence during the early 21st century
when it became the first nesting site for the Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis on Cyprus (Plates
2-4), alongside a fewpairs ofnestingSquaccoHeronsArdeola ralloides, Little Egrets Egretta
garzetta and Black-crowned Night Herons Nycticorax nycticorax (Whaley & Dawes 2005).
This heronry, located on partly drowned tamarisk bushes situated along the west side
of the lake, has grown steadily in numbers since its discovery in 2003. Since 2006, Ayios
Lucaslakehasbeenincludedinthewetland sitessurveyed monthlyforwaterbirdsaspart
ofthe BirdLife Cyprus waterbird census (Miltiadou 2004, Miltiadou 2005-2010, Miltiadou
2011). Thewaterbird censushasrevealedthatthesiteholdsupto8952waterbirdsannually
of 59 species of which 27 species are in Annex I of the Birds Directive (2009/147/EU, ex
79/409/EEC). A total of 13 waterbird species nest there (predominantly Common Coot
Fulica atra, Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus and Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficolis)
of which 7 are in Annex I eg Squacco Heron Ardeola ralloides, Little Egret Egretta garzetta.
Spur-winged Lapwing Vanellus spinosus and Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus
(Miltiadou 2005-2010, Miltiadou 2007, Miltiadou 2011).
Sandgrouse 33 (2011) 103
Plate 5. Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus adult, Ayios Lucas lake, 7July 2010. ©M Miltiadou
^
. ^ u . " lir : I
2P0la1t0.e©6.MGlMoislstiyadIobuis Plegadis falcinellus and Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis heronry on tamarisk, Ayios Lucas lake, 7July
104 Sandgrouse 33 (2011)