Smart Cities

190 Pages·2015·3.36 MB·English

Public Administration and Information
Technology
Volume 8
Series Editor
Christopher G. Reddick
San Antonio, Texas, USA
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10796
Manuel Pedro Rodríguez-Bolívar
Editor
Transforming City
Governments for Successful
Smart Cities
1 3
Editor
Manuel Pedro Rodríguez-Bolívar
Department of Accounting and Finance
Faculty of Business Studies
University of Granada
Granada
Spain

Public Administration and Information Technology
ISBN 978-3-319-03166-8 ISBN 978-3-319-03167-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-03167-5
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015944231
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Foreword
In the past few decades, city governments have increasingly faced complex socio-
technical problems and in response have developed strategies that rely on sophis-
ticated information technologies (IT) in creative and innovative ways. Recently,
this phenomenon of incorporating complex IT into solutions for equally complex
problems has been labeled smart city and smart government. Smart cities could be
conceptualized in different ways, from the intensive use of IT in urban contexts
to the generation of innovative services, organizational capabilities, and physical
infrastructure. In fact, there are many other labels applied to the same or similar
phenomena such as digital city, innovative city, intelligent city, or creative city, to
mention a few. Most of these terms highlight some aspects of being smart, although
not always explicitly. In contrast, other concepts exist that clearly emphasize a sin-
gle element of smartness in urban contexts such as sustainability, inclusiveness, or
resilience. Scholars and practitioners are increasingly realizing that the smart city is
a multidimensional concept with very diverse components and elements, many of
which are not directly related to technology but are essential to the development of
smart city initiatives.
One of these important elements is governance, which could be loosely defined
as the structures and processes that enable collective decisions about issues that
hold meaning for the actors involved. The term governance has also been used in
the literature as a way to indicate that government is one actor, maybe the most im-
portant actor, but still just one actor embedded in a network of multiple actors mak-
ing decisions and taking actions with regard to complex and pressing public prob-
lems. Cities are good examples of these networks in which local governments play
an important role, but other organizations and individuals are also integral to the
success of an initiative. To become smarter, a city needs to transform government
in significant ways to engage with the full network of critical actors. ITs can enable
these transformations, but only when other elements are considered, and important
organizational and policy changes are made. IT needs to be implemented jointly
with changes in government processes, structures, and regulations for a smart city
initiative to be successful and have broad social impacts.
This book is a distinctive collection of chapters dealing with a theme that has
shown increasing theoretical importance and empirical relevance in the past few
v
vi Foreword
years: The role of city governments in implementing successful smart city initia-
tives. The authors present the experiences of a diverse set of cities from the USA,
Asia, and Europe. As a whole, the book clearly shows not only the potential benefits
from smart city initiatives but also some of the challenges city governments current-
ly face. The book presents a well-balanced compilation of conceptual, empirical,
and practical chapters. Within the smart city theme, it covers relevant topics such
as implementation frameworks, platform development, the role of transparency and
participation, performance evaluation, stakeholder engagement, leadership, mobile
technologies, and a view from the academic literature. Despite their differences in
content and methods, all chapters highlight the role of city governments in smart
city initiatives and attempt to include diverse and relevant aspects. For example,
Ojo and colleagues propose a smart city initiative design framework based on an
extensive study of ten major smart city initiatives from a design science perspec-
tive. Using a very different approach, Anttiroiko studies how smart platforms can
support innovative restructuring of postindustrial cities. As examples, these two
chapters are quite different, but they both attempt to integrate and consider the com-
plexity of smart cities and most chapters in the book are also sensible to this socio-
technical reality.
Therefore, as presented in this book, it is clear that the efforts to make cities
smarter include both technological and social components. More specifically, cities
are not only creatively investing in emergent technologies but at the same time also
developing innovative strategies to achieve more agile and resilient government
structures to improve information, services, and infrastructures. For instance, it
could be argued that sensor networks, geographic information technologies, social
media applications, and other emergent technologies could function like a nervous
system that captures and distributes information about the resources and capabilities
of government. Some city governments have begun to use newly available informa-
tion to become smarter. The potential is great, but local governments are struggling
to understand and create the new capabilities necessary to successfully leverage
such technologies and data. In addition, new analytical tools and techniques can
help city governments handle and process these new streams of sometimes dispa-
rate data and unstructured information. The right mixture of devices, people, and
the necessary analysis for decision-making is not always clear.
Highly structured city problems may have clear necessary actions that require
little analysis; other times cities face problems that are related to complex socio-
technical issues where multiple sources of data and complex analytics might be
involved. When a problem is relatively simple and structured, automatic responses
could be deployed. In contrast, when a problem is very complex, unstructured, and
intertwined with multiple physical and social factors, the response normally needs
a significant amount of time, intensive human intervention, huge amounts of data,
and sophisticated analytics capability. These complex problems would also need a
high degree of information integration across organizational boundaries within and
outside city government. In my own research, I have suggested that the creation of
smart governments is the next step in ensuring that information is integrated and
available when and where necessary. Smart governments use sophisticated IT to
Foreword vii
interconnect and integrate information, processes, institutions, and physical infra-
structure. The resulting network could involve individuals monitoring services and
programs as well as devices attached to systems, equipment, and physical infra-
structure. As mentioned earlier, in the case of a highly structured problem, sensors
and similar technologies could trigger immediate response, whereas in the case of
complex and wicked problems the need for human intervention and sophisticated
analysis is essential before making a decision or taking action.
To become smarter, city governments need to create new capability to use such
technologies and emergent data streams to achieve the desired information integra-
tion in support of a broad spectrum of problems. The development of smart cities re-
quires consideration of the people involved, the nature of the problem, the technolo-
gy available, the organizational capability, and the tools and techniques available to
understand and solve the problem. This book offers valuable insights and guidance
for governments that are pursuing smart city initiatives. It is also useful to scholars
interested in smart cities and the role of governments and other social actors in these
initiatives. Covering a broad range of policy domains, some chapters emphasize
the specific details of different urban settings, while others present comparisons of
multiple cities and offer lessons from the most advanced or successful cases. In my
opinion, the overall contribution of the book is a solid and well-balanced account of
the role of city governments and other social actors in the design, implementation,
and evaluation of smart city initiatives in different contexts from around the world.
I am sure that the reader interested in smart cities will find provocative ideas and
helpful guidance within this book. Enjoy it!
University at Albany, State University of New York, J. Ramon Gil-Garcia
USA, Centro de Investigación y Docencia
Económicas, Mexico
J. Ramon Gil-Garcia, PhD, MS is an associate professor of public administration
and policy and the research director of the Center for Technology in Government,
University at Albany, State University of New York (SUNY). Dr. Gil-Garcia is a
member of the Mexican National System of Researchers and the Mexican Acad-
emy of Sciences. In 2009, he was considered the most prolific author in the field of
digital government research worldwide and in 2013 he was selected for the research
award, which is “the highest distinction given annually by the Mexican Academy
of Sciences to outstanding young researchers.” Dr. Gil-Garcia is the author or co-
author of articles in prestigious international journals in public administration, in-
formation systems, and digital government, and some of his publications are among
the most cited in the field of digital government research worldwide. His research
interests include collaborative electronic government, interorganizational informa-
tion integration, smart cities and smart governments, adoption and implementation
of emergent technologies, information technologies and organizations, digital di-
vide policies, new public management, public policy analysis, and multi-method
research approaches.
Contents
Smart Cities: Big Cities, Complex Governance? .......................................... 1
Manuel Pedro Rodríguez Bolívar
Understanding the Smart City Domain: A Literature Review .................... 9
Leonidas G. Anthopoulos
Smart Cities: Building Platforms for Innovative Local Economic
Restructuring .................................................................................................... 23
Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko
Designing Next Generation Smart City Initiatives:
The SCID Framework ..................................................................................... 43
Adegboyega Ojo, Edward Curry, Tomasz Janowski and Zamira Dzhusupova
Smart Cities Are Transparent Cities: The Role of Fiscal
Transparency in Smart City Governance ...................................................... 69
Nina David, Jonathan Justice and John G. McNutt
Evaluating the Performance of Smart Cities
in the Global Economic Network .................................................................... 87
Ronald Wall, Spyridon Stavropoulos, Jurian Edelenbos and Filipa Pajević
Stakeholder Engagement in the Smart City:
Making Living Labs Work .............................................................................. 115
Krassimira Paskaleva, Ian Cooper, Per Linde, Bo Peterson and Christina Götz
Smart City as a Mobile Technology: Critical Perspectives on
Urban Development Policies ........................................................................... 147
Patrizia Lombardi and Alberto Vanolo
ix
x Contents
An Investigation of Leadership Styles During Adoption of
E-government for an Innovative City: Perspectives of Taiwanese
Public Servants ................................................................................................. 163
Pei-Hsuan Hsieh, Wen-Sung Chen and Chi-Jui Lo
Conclusions ....................................................................................................... 181
Manuel Pedro Rodriguez Bolívar
Contributors and Reviewers
Contributors
Leonidas G. Anthopoulos Department of Business Administration, TEI of
Thessaly, Thessaly, Greece
Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko School of Management, University of Tampere, Tampere,
Finland
Wen-Sung Chen China University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
Ian Cooper Eclipse Research Consultants, Cambridge, UK
Edward Curry Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National University of Ireland,
Galway, Galway, Republic of Ireland
Nina David School of Public Policy Administration, University of Delaware,
Newark, DE, USA
Zamira Dzhusupova Center for Electronic Governance, United Nations
University—International Institute for Software Technology, Macao SAR, China
Jurian Edelenbos School of Urban Planning, McGill University, Montreal,
Canada
Department of Public Administration, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam,
The Netherlands
Christina Götz Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
Pei-Hsuan Hsieh National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
Tomasz Janowski Center for Electronic Governance, United Nations
University—International Institute for Software Technology, Macao SAR, China
Jonathan Justice School of Public Policy Administration, University of
Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
Per Linde Malmö University/Medea, Malmö, Sweden
xi