The Radical Durkheim

147 Pages·2001·59.458 MB·English

by  Frank Pearce

The
RADICAL
DURKHEIM
2NEDD ITION
FRANPKE ARCE
CANADIASNC HOLARPSR'E SISN C. 2001
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Contents
Displaciestm heeon ptp osoif·t cei taotfit ohne,
theoraeuttihcoawrlhi itciyhsa lwafyasl sbiyft iheed
merfea ocftb ecomaic nigt aatfr iaognm;et notro nu t
ofi tcso ntietmxsot v, emeannftdi, n iatleslp yo acsha
generreafle raennadcsa pe r eccihsoeiw chei icwtha s
withtihrnie sf ereexnaccrete,lc yo gonrie zrerdo neous. Prelftoah Sceee cEodnidt ion
Xlll
Displaciteshm fleeu niltda ngoufaa gnet i-idIeto logy. Pretftoah Fceie Er dsitt ion xxi
appewairtshc ionm municwahtiickohnn o wtsh aitt
cannporte tteonh do ladn gyu arainnit teseae nldf 1 Introduction
definitIitiv sea,lti y th.si ghpeositnt thl,ea nguage
whiccahn nboect o nfibryma enadyn cioersn utp ra­ Introduction 1
critriecfaelr Oenn tchece.o ntriatir siy t,os w n Thpeo lietviaclauloa fDt uiroknh eim 2
coherewnictehi,it nsa enldwf i tphr actifaccatbsl,e Durkhaenisdmc ience 3
whiccahcn o nftihraemn cigernaotift n r uwthhi icth Rereatdhienogr y 4
brionugDtsi. s plahcaensmo egtnr to unidtcesad u osne ConcluTshireoa nd:Di ucraklh eim 8
anytehxitnegtrn oia tolsw nt ruatpshr escernitt ique.
(GuDye borSdo,c ioeftt hySe p ectacle) 2 Durkheepiims'tsea mnsodo lcoigoyl ogy 13
Durkhaeniedmp istemology
13
Durkhesiomc'iso lcoognicceaplt s 19
Criamnepd u nishment
22
Durkhaegieml,ia cnvidis rma lism
24
Durkhaenipdmo st-structuralism
26
Durkhaenitdmh c eo ncoefcp hta risma
29
Poliatnicdch sa risma
33
Conclusion
38
3 Durkhaenpidom l itics
42
Introduction
42
Durkhesiomce'ivsao ll utionism
43
Durkhaeuitmh,o rliitbaerraianacldnoi nssme rvativism
47
Durkhaenisdmo cialism
49
Durkhaenitdme chnoscorcaitailci sm
50
DurkhMeairmx,ai nscdmo mmunists
51
Durkheriamd'sis◊c cailva ilsiisotn 55
Conclusion
57
4 Durkhaentidhm de i vioslfia obno ur
60
Introduction
60
Solidaanrsdio tcoyir adle r
60
The genesis of the division oflabour 62 Marxism: ADurkheimian critique 161
The genesis of primitive social orders 66 Socialism 168
Societalrivalry and the division of lab\357\277\275ur 69 Conclusion 176
Colonialism, class and conflict 71
Durkheim and the pathological forms of the division 9 Thestate) law and order in complex societies 179
of labour 75 Introduction 179
Conclusion 83 The state and lawinsocialist societies 183
5 Durkheim and thejuridical relation 88 TChaepitraulilsemo,flsawociaalnidsmsoacniadlismthe criminal law 118897
Introduction 88 A Critique ofjudicial ideology 193
Durkheim's systematic theory oflaw 88 Crime in socialist societies 195
Durkheimand contemporary anthropology 89 Crime: Some modest socialist proposals 198
Repressive law and class societies 93
The soul, the personality and the responsible subject 99 10 A Sociology ofthe Sacred and Creative
Sociallife and social obligations 101 Collective 205
Durkheim, sovereignty and thelaw 103 Effervescence
Critiques ofDurkheim's theorization oflaw 105 Introduction 205
Sovereignty and the command theory of law 109 The development of a sociology of religion 206
Rational-legal orders 112 The elementary forms ofreligious life 207
Conclusion 114 Building uponDurkheim's writings on religion 214
The Left Sacred and the Right Sacred 218
6 IFantatlirsmoduction 111188 TLCreehativeCeosolclieolgogeyefferdveescesonofcectihoeloegxiaeencdutiotnheer Ontario Coalition 222232300
Suicide and the critics 118 AgainstPoverty
Fatalism: A suppressed, displaced and condensed concept 120 Conclusion 238
Fatalism and slavery 123
'The forced division of labour' and 'forced solidarity' 126 11 Conclusion 241
Conclusion 129
7 A riformulation of Durkheim )s Suicide 134 Bibliography 243
Index 267
Introduction 134
Fatalism and anomie 135
Causes and occasions 142
Egoism and altruism 146
ADurkheimian perspective on the 'large group' 151
Rationalities, personalities andsocial orders 152
Conclusion 155
8 Durkheim and Marx:A 159
dialogue
Introduction 159
Organic 159
solidarity
Pretfota hcSeee cEodnidt ion
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xiii
XIV The Radical Durkheim Preface tothe Second Edition XV
imbrication in interpersonal and institutional relations, and by my At the time I read Durkheim reasonably carefully but engaged in what
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XVlll Th e Radical Durkheim Priface to the Second Edition XIX
.
about justice, punishmentand order. When I attended the Interna\302\255 ecstasy, of 'collective effe rvescence', and hence ofpotentially radical
tional Conference on Penal Abolition in To ronto in May 2000, I discontinuities. Not surprisingly then, theywere concerned with the
experienced acutely how contingent and no\357\277\275-necessary has been the sociology of fe stivals, violence and the sacred. Thus I discuss
edemaleinrggencweithofso'crcimiianall harmjussti.ceSoonsystaeftmer,s' atasaacwonayfereonfceprioritisiongn Georagndes Dounrkwhheatim's remainssocioloofignyteresto,f relsiugtuioren,tphroivsidewith athberiecfoncepctsritiqueg,eneramtededitaitne
Bataille I was fa scinated with how his analysis of non-productive the earlier part of the book and finally, articulate these with key
expenditure tied in to his development of Durkheim's concept of arguments of Caillois and Bataille. Hence there is a brief historical
collective effe rvescence. section on 'The Sociology of the Executioner' and another more
Not long after, I wasat theJune 2000 demonstration outside the contemporary section on 'Creative Effe rvescence and the Ontario
OntarioProvincial Legislature in Toronto's Queen's Park, organised Coalition Against Poverty ', an event whichI argue was in part both
by the Ontario Coalition Against Poverty (OCAP) against the fe stival and 'moral protest' . Ihopethe readers of this edition will find
Conservative Government of Premier Mike Harris. This was a public this a timely and stimulating supplement to what was written before .
protest against thevicious and continuous dismantling ofthe previous The current edition of this book has grown out of another ten
state support services for the poor of Ontario which had been years struggle with Social Theory. Sincemostofthose that I thanked
informed by amoral economythat involved a commitment to give in the first edition have remained influential for me, here I wish to
them some protection. During this public protest, collective efferves\302\255 reiterate my thanks to them all. In two cases, however, I need to do
cence was generated. In the copresence of, and in interaction with more than this. I continue to owe a great dealtomy friendship and
others coll ectively committed to social justice and radical social intellectual relationship with AnthonyWoodiwiss, and most recently
change, I personally experienced somethingof a transformation of this includes collaboration with him on work on Michel Foucault.
self. In my case it was linked with finding again what Antonio WithMike Gane I am currently editing a sp ecial edition ofEconomy
Gramsci describes as 'pessimism of the intelligence and optimism of and Society on the 'College de sociologie ', and as always, his deep
the will'. This experience was undoubtedly an effect of collective knowledge ofFrench social theory has proved invaluable fo r both this
effe rvescence, but it was also linked with my personal openness to project and fo r my other work. Sincethe first edition I have come to
some kind of transformation at that time. Changes in mypersonal know IvanVarga well and to appreciate his erudition, particularly on
circumstances were important but so were some other more intellec\302\255 the Sociology ofReligion. PaulDatta worked with me as a graduate
tual encounters. Some of these I have already mentioned but there student but throughso many stimulating discussions on Durkheim,
was anotherimportant one. The previous February, I had heard the Foucault and Bataille, our intellectual relationhip has long moved
late Norm Feltis, a member of OCAP, deliver a stimulating paper beyond such a hierarchical relationship. Then my work in recent
which showed the key significance of OCAP for this political years has benefitted from engaging with Tara Milbrandt, Steve
conjuncture . Thus political and ethical concerns, and intellectual Tombs, Bob Shenton, Brian Palmer, Andrea Beckmann, Friedrick
engagements helped constitute me to be open to a transformative Sixel, JackWayne, Danica Dupont and Frances Newman. Finally my
experience. Collective, creative effervescence moved me back to a sons Rory and Blake have certainly learnt the value of loving,
place where I can support utopian thinking in sofa r as it helps open us agonistic relations and it is to them I dedicate this book.
topossibilities that only historical chance has fo re closed and also in so
fa r as it helps imagine different ways of seizing on the unfolding
opportunities ofthe present and future.
This provides something of a context as to why, whenI turned to
writing an additional chap ter for this book, I decided to explore
further Durkheim's sociology of religion but in the light of this
tradition of radical Durkheimianism. Bataille and Caillois had shown
how his discourse on the sacred canbe used to develop conceptions of
collectivities and social organisations that showhowtheir constitution
is subtended by often recurring moments of volatility, ambiguity and
to the First Edition
Preface
In this book Iwant to look at some of the writings ofDurkheim,not
to point to their shortcomings, but rather to show how his more
fr uitful arguments can be developed to extend our understanding of
social and political change . In the opening chapter I discuss the
problem ofreading theory creatively- an important one ifwe are to
learn to recognize and unravel the different discourses and chains of
..meaning that lie embedded in any piece of theoretical writing and
learn to put theory to good use, rather than simply accepting or
rejecting it. My main aimis to reveal and retheorize the concepts that
inform Durkheim's work, andoutofthis exploration to generate and
develop new and, I believe, important theoretical analyses. This
rereading, indeed any rereading, is determined and informed by the
concerns of the reader. My theoretical and political concerns
therefore affect both the way I read and the kinds of reformulation I
seeks to undertake . This is the nature of intertextuality, or what
Dominick LaCapra has called the transferential relationship : the
conscious and, at times, unconscious dialogue between a writer and a
reader, where the reader finds his own symp toms in the text alongside
the manifest concerns of the writer, and seeks answers to his own
questions, which may be different from those posed by the writer.
Writer and reader leave their marks , or traces, on one another, and
this process is reproduced when the reader commits his thought to
writing, thus opening the way for greater textual richness and
with other readers.
dialogue
Why should we return to Durkheim's work yet again? First
because, contrary to the almost universal consensus amongst sociolo\302\255
gists, in Durkheim's texts neither the dominant discourses nor those
present only as partially suppressed fragments can be construed as
inherently conservative or'positivistic . His oeuvre is complex, multi\302\255
faceted, often characterized by a ruthlessly anti-Utopian logic and
with an extraordinary potential fruitfulness. Then, to put it simply, it
is because as a committed socialist and social scientist I believe that
whilst Marxism is the most fruitful of all socialist and sociological
discourses it needs the aid ofDurkheim's concepts to rid itself ofboth
XXI
x:lfii ThRea drafiD urkheim Pr�tfota hcFeei rEsdti tion
XXlll
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