Table Of ContentVEGETABLE CROP PESTS
VEGETABLE CROP PESTS
Edited by
Roderick G. McKinlay
The Scottish Agricultural College,
West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Scotland
M
MACMILLAN
PRESS
© The Macmillan Press Ltd 1992
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1992
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission
of this publication may be made without written permission.
No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or
transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with
the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988,
or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying
issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court
Road, London WIP 9HE.
Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to
this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and
civil claims for damages.
First published 1992
Published by
MACMILLAN ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL LTD
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS
and London
Companies and representatives
throughout the world
Filmset by Wearside Tradespools, Boldon, Tyne and Wear
ISBN 978-1-349-09926-9 ISBN 978-1-349-09924-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-09924-5
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
The mention of a product is not an endorsement,
and the contributors, editor and publishers will not be
held liable for any dosages or treatments mentioned in
the text. If in doubt, please check the source literature
and manufacturer's recommendations.
Any view expressed is the responsibility of the individual contributor.
The publication of an individual opinion is not an endorsement
by either the editor or the publishers.
Contents
Preface xn
The Contributors
XIV
I Introduction T. H. Coaker 1
1.1 Classification, Origins and Production of Vegetables 1
1.1.1 Perennial vegetables 2
1.1.2 Annual vegetables 3
1.2 Major Invertebrate Pests of Vegetable Crops 9
1.2.1 Nematodes 10
1.2.2 Slugs 11
1.2.3 Insects 11
1.3 Pest Control Strategies 15
1.3.1 Chemical control 17
1.3.2 Biological control 19
1.3.3 Genetic control 22
1.3.4 Breeding resistant crops 23
1.3.5 Cultural control 24
2 Pests ofChenopodiaceous Crops D. A. Cooke and A.M. Dewar 28
2.1 Introduction 28
2.2 Aphids 29
2.2.1 Myzus persicae: peach-potato aphid 29
2.2.2 Aphis fabae: black bean aphid 29
2.2.3 Other aphid species 29
2.3 Beetles 30
2.3.1 Chaetocnema concinna: mangold flea beetle 30
2.3.2 Atomaria linearis: pygmy mangold beetle 31
2.3.3 Agriotes lineatus, Agriotes obscurus,
Agriotes sputator: wireworms 33
2.4 Moths 35
2.4.1 Spodoptera exigua: beet armyworm 35
2.5 Flies 36
2.5.1 Pegomya hyoscyami: mangold fly 36
2.5.2 Tetanops myopaeformis: sugar beet root maggot 39
2.6 Springtails 40
2.6.1 Onychiurus spp.: white blind springtails 40
2. 7 Symphylids 42
2. 7.1 Scutigerella immaculata: glasshouse symphylid 42
v
vi Contents
2.8 Millepedes 44
2.8.1 Blaniulus guttulatus: spotted snake millepede 44
Brachydesmus superus: flat millepede 44
2.9 Nematodes 45
2.9.1 Heterodera schachtii: beet cyst nematode 45
2.9.2 Trichodorus spp., Paratrichodorus spp.:
stubby root nematodes 53
2.9.3 Longidorus spp.: needle nematodes 57
2.9.4 Meloidogyne spp.: root-knot nematodes 61
2.9.5 Nacobbus aberrans: false root-knot nematode 65
2.9.6 Ditylenchus dipsaci: stem nematode 67
2.10 Acknowledgements 67
3 Pests of Composite Crops: Lettuce B. Emmett 74
3.1 Introduction 74
3.2 Aphids 75
3.2.1 Myzus ascalonicus: shallot aphid 75
3.2.2 Nasonovia ribisnigri: lettuce aphid 77
3.2.3 Pemphigus bursarius: lettuce root aphid 79
3.3 Flies 83
3.3.1 Tipula paludosa: crane fly 83
4 Pests of Cruciferous Crops S. Finch and A. R. Thompson 87
4.1 Introduction 87
4.2 Aphids 88
4.2.1 Brevicoryne brassicae: cabbage aphid 88
4.3 Whiteflies 92
4.3.1 Aleyrodes proletella: cabbage whitefly 92
4.4 Beetles 95
4.4.1 Meligethes spp.: blossom beetles 95
4.4.2 Phyllotreta spp.: flea beetles 98
4.4.3 Psylliodes chrysocephala: cabbage stem flea beetle 101
4.4.4 Ceutorhynchus assimilis: cabbage seed weevil 103
4.4.5 Ceutorhynchus quadridens: cabbage stem weevil 105
4.4.6 Ceutorhynchus picitarsis: rape winter stem weevil 106
4.4.7 Ceutorhynchus pleurostigma: turnip gall weevil 107
4.5 Butterflies 110
4.5.1 Pieris brassicae: large cabbage white butterfly 110
4.5.2 Pieris rapae: small cabbage white butterfly 113
4.6 Moths 116
4.6.1 Mamestra brassicae: cabbage moth 116
4.6.2 Plutella xylostella: diamond-back moth 118
4.6.3 Evergestis forficalis: garden pebble moth 122
4.7 Sawflies 123
4.7.1 Athalia rosae: turnip sawfly 123
Contents vii
4.8 Flies 125
4.8.1 Dasineura brassicae: brassica pod midge 125
4.8.2 Delia flora/is: turnip root fly 127
4.8.3 Delia radicum: cabbage root fly 129
5 Pests of Cucurbit Crops: Marrow, Pumpkin, Squash, Melon
and Cucumber A. York 139
5.1 Introduction 139
5.2 Aphids 140
5.2.1 Aphis gossypii: melon aphid 140
5.3 Bugs 142
5.3.1 Anasa tristis: squash bug 142
5.3.2 Leptoglossus australis: leaf-footed bug 143
5.4 Beetles 144
5.4.1 Acalymma vittatum: striped cucumber beetle 144
5.4.2 Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi: spotted
cucumber beetle 147
5.4.3 Raphidopalpa foveicollis: red pumpkin beetle 148
5.5 Moths 148
5.5.1 Diaphania nitidalis: pickleworm 148
Diaphania hyalinata: melonworm 148
5.5.2 Melittia cucurbitae: squash vine borer 152
5.6 Flies 153
5.6.1 Dacus cucurbitae: melon fly 153
5.6.2 Dacus dorsalis: oriental fruit fly 155
5.7 Mites 157
5.7.1 Tetranychus urticae: two-spotted spider mite 157
6 Pests of Leguminous Crops A. J. Biddle, S. H. Hutchins
and J. A. Wightman 162
Peas and Beans
6.1 Introduction 162
6.2 Aphids 163
6.2.1 Acyrthosiphon pisum: pea aphid 163
6.2.2 Aphis fabae: black bean aphid 165
Aphis craccivora: black legume aphid 165
6.3 Beetles 167
6.3.1 Sitona lineatus: pea and bean weevil 167
6.3.2 Apion vorax: bean flower weevil 169
6.3.3 Bruchus pisorum: pea seed beetle 170
6.3.4 Bruchus rufimanus: bean beetle 170
Acanthoscelides obtectus: dried bean beetle 170
6.4 Moths 171
6.4.1 Cydia nigricana: pea moth 171
viii Contents
6.5 Flies 174
6.5 .1 Contarinia pisi: pea midge 174
6.5.2 Delia platura: bean seed fly 176
6.6 Thrips 177
6.6.1 Thrips angusticeps: field thrips 177
6.6.2 Kakothrips pisivorus: pea thrips 178
6.7 Nematodes 178
6. 7.1 Heterodera goettingiana: pea cyst nematode 178
6.7.2 Pratylenchus spp.: root-lesion nematodes 180
6. 7.3 Trichodorus spp.: stubby-root nematodes 180
Soybeans
6.8 Introduction 181
6.9 Beetles 182
6.9.1 Epilachna varivestis: Mexican bean beetle 182
6.9.2 Ceratoma trifurcata: bean leaf beetle 186
6.10 Moths 191
6.10.1 Plathypena scabra: green cloverworm 191
6.11 Mites 194
6.11.1 Tetranychus urticae: two-spotted spider mite 194
6.12 Nematodes 194
6.12.1 Heterodera glycines: soybean cyst nematode 194
Groundnuts
6.13 Introduction 198
6.14 Pests living above ground 199
6.14.1 Helicoverpa (Heliothis) armigera: cotton bollworm 199
6.14.2 Spodoptera exigua: beet armyworm 199
6.14.3 Various genera: thrips 199
6.14.4 Empoascafabae: potato leafhopper 202
6.14.5 Tetranychus urticae: two-spotted spider mite 202
6.15 Pests living below ground 202
6.15.1 Elasmopalpus lignosellus: lesser cornstalk borer 203
6.15.2 Various genera: white grubs 204
6.15.3 Hilda patruelis: 'hilda' or groundnut hopper 206
6.15.4 Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi:
spotted cucumber beetle 207
6.15.5 Graphognathus leucoloma: white fringed weevil 207
6.15.6 Meloidogyne spp.: root-knot nematodes 208
6.15.7 Pratylenchus brachyurus: smooth-headed
lesion nematode 208
7 Pests of Monocotyledon Crops R. W. Straub and B. Emmett 213
Sweetcorn
Contents ix
7.1 Introduction 213
7.2 Aphids 214
7.2.1 Rhopalosiphum maidis: corn leaf aphid 214
Rhopalosiphum padi: oat bird-cherry aphid 214
Sitobion (Macrosiphum) avenae: grain aphid 214
Schizaphis graminum: greenbug 214
7.3 Moths 220
7.3.1 Agrotis spp.: cutworms 220
Euxoa spp.: cutworms 220
7.3.2 Helicoverpa (Heliothis) spp.: corn earworm
complex 220
7.3.3 Spodoptera frugiperda: fall armyworm 224
7.3.4 Ostrinia nubilalis: European corn borer 229
7.4 Nematodes 235
7.4.1 Ditylenchus dipsaci: stem nematode 235
Onions and Leeks
7.5 Introduction 235
7.6 Thrips 236
7.6.1 Thrips tabaci: onion thrips 236
7.7 Moths 241
7.7.1 Acrolepiopsis assectella: leek moth 241
7.7.2 Agrotis spp.: cutworms 243
Euxoa spp.: cutworms 243
7.8 Flies 243
7.8.1 Delia antiqua: onion fly 243
7.8.2 Delia platura: bean seed fly 248
7.9 Nematodes 248
7.9.1 Ditylenchus dipsaci: stem nematode, stem
and bulb nematode, onion nematode 248
8 Pests of Solanaceous Crops R. G. McKinlay, A.M. Spaull
and R. W. Straub 263
Potatoes
8.1 Introduction 263
8.2 Aphids 263
8.2.1 Myzus persicae: green peach aphid,
peach-potato aphid 263
8.2.2 Macrosiphum euphorbiae: potato aphid 272
Aulacorthum so/ani: glasshouse-potato aphid 272
8.3 Leafhoppers 273
8.3.1 Empoasca fabae: potato leafhopper 273
X Contents
8.4 Beetles 275
8.4.1 Leptinotarsa decemlineata: Colorado potato
beetle 275
8.5 Moths 279
8.5.1 Phthorimaea operculella: potato tuber moth 279
8.6 Cyst nematodes 282
8.6.1 Globodera pal/ida: white potato cyst nematode 282
Globodera rostochiensis: yellow potato cyst
nematode 282
8.7 Slugs 289
8 7.1 Deroceras reticulatum: field slug 289
Milax budapestensis: keeled slug 289
Milax sowerbyi: keeled slug 289
Arion hortensis: garden slug 289
Arion distinctus: garden slug 289
Tomatoes
8.8 Introduction 295
8.9 Whiteflies 296
8.9.1 Bemisia tabaci: cotton whitefly 296
8.9.2 Trialeurodes vaporariorum: greenhouse whitefly 299
8.10 Bugs 302
8.10.1 Nezara viridula: southern green stinkbug 302
8.11 Flies 304
8.11.1 Liriomyza bryoniae: tomato leafminer 304
Liriomyza sativae: vegetable leafminer 304
Liriomyza trifolii: American serpentine
leafminer 304
8.12 Mites 307
8.12.1 Aculops lycopersici: tomato russet mite 307
8.12.2 Polyphagotarsonemus latus: broad mite 310
8.12.3 Tetranychus urticae: two-spotted spider mite 311
9 Pests of Umbelliferous Crops P. R. Ellis and J. A. Hardman 327
9.1 Introduction 327
9.2 Mirids 328
9.2.1 Lygus rugulipennis: tarnished plant bug 328
9.3 Aphids 331
9.3.1 Cavariella aegopodii: willow-carrot aphid 331
9.3.2 Dysaphis apiifolia: hawthorn-parsley aphid 336
9.4 Psyllids 337
9.4.1 Trioza apicalis: carrot psyllid 337
9.5 Hoppers 339
9.5.1 Macrosteles fascifrons: aster leafhopper 339
