Table Of ContentMolecular
Biology
http://booksite.elsevier.com/9780128132883/index.php
Molecular Biology, Third Edition
David P. Clark, Nanette J. Pazdernik and Michelle R. McGehee
Molecular
Biology
Third Edition
D a v i d P . C l a r k
N a n e t t e J . P a z d e r n i k
M i c h e l l e R . M c G e h e e
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Dedication
This book is dedicatedto Lonnie Russellwho was to have been mycoauthor
on thefirst edition. Afew months after we started this projecttogether, inearly
July 2001,Lonnie drowned inthe Atlantic Ocean off thecoast ofBrazilin a
tragicaccident.
DPC
To my family, especiallymy husbandand mythree children. They have given
me thegiftof time,courage,and strength. Time to actuallywrite, courage to
continue even when Iwas tired,and thestrengthto do my verybestwork no
matter thecircumstances.
NJP
This book is dedicated to myparents and brother fortheirencouraging words
and unwavering support through it all,andto my special friends,Mark and Dianne,
forthe giftof their time and opportunities forbalance.
MRM
Preface to Third Edition
The last few decades have seen major advances in both biology and information
technology. Indeed, processing the vast amounts of genetic data generated depends
on advanced computer technology. This book reflects this massive surge in under-
standing the molecular foundations of genetics. Today we know that genes are much
more than the abstract entities proposed over a century ago by Mendel. Genes are
segments of DNA molecules, carrying encoded information.Indeed, genes have now
become chemical reagents, to be manipulated in the test tube and, more recently,
even inliving organisms.
Over the next half century our understanding of how living organisms function
at the molecular level, together with our ability to intervene, will expand in ways we
are only just beginning to perceive. In particular, this will have a major impact in
David P. Clark
the area of health. Many people are now having their own genomes partly or fully
sequenced and it is becoming possible to tailor clinical treatment individually by
using the geneticdata of individual patients, an area known as personal genomics.
Nonetheless, because molecular biology illuminates an ever-widening array of
topics, we have avoided overdoing detail in favor of wider coverage. Molecular biol-
ogy applies to far more than just health care and has greatly impacted other areas
such asagriculture, animal behavior, evolution, and microbiology.
This book is intended for upper division students in a variety of biological disci-
plines. In particular it is aimed at final year undergraduates and beginning graduate
students. This book does not attempt to be exhaustive in its coverage. There is a
companion volume, entitled “Biotechnology,” that emphasizes the more practical
aspects of modern genetics. Together we hope that both books effectively survey the
foundations and applications of modern molecular genetics.
Some students who are using this book will already be well grounded in molecu-
lar biology, due to having taken courses in genetics, biochemistry, and cell biology.
However, others will not be so well prepared, due to the continued influx into
Nanette J. Pazdernik
molecular biology of students from biology programs that are not molecular in their
orientation. For them we have tried to create a book whose early chapters cover the
basics before launchingout into the depths.
The book is divided into modules, each of several related chapters. The first
module contains introductory material that experienced students can either skip or
skim through rapidly. Sections within chapters have been numbered to aid in cross-
reference. Review questions and suggestions for further reading are provided at the
end of each chapter.
Changes in the Third Edition
Although much of its basics have remained largely unchanged, several areas of
molecular biology have shown spectacular growth in recent years. These include the
overwhelming flood of sequence information that is emerging faster than it can be
thoroughly analyzed. Many areas, such as molecular evolution and metagenomics
Michelle R. McGehee
have been stimulated by this plethora of new data. The related area of epigenomics,
has recently flourished, largely due to new analytical techniques. This has been cov-
ered ina new chapter, Epigenetics and Epigenomics (Chapter 22).
The role of RNA is still expanding with the discovery of new classes of noncod-
ing RNA most with new regulatory roles. But the most publicized advance has been
the emergence of genome editing techniques based on the CRISPR system of bacte-
ria.Two new chapters, NoncodingRNA(Chapter 19)and Genome Defense(includ-
ing CRISPR and its applications; Chapter 20) have been designed to accommodate
these advances.
xiii
xiv PrefacetoThirdEdition
Online Materials
The website contains the “Focus on Relevant Research” features. These include dis-
cussions of recent papers in the field published by Cell Press and build case studies
around the content. The objective is to help students learn how to read and under-
stand the primary literature in hopes of preparing them for the scientific world.
“Conceptual Questions,” which were previously incorporated in the book are now
on thewebsite as well.
Other online materials to supplement the text include flashcards, animations,
quizzes to prepare for tests, and PowerPoint slides with images for note taking.
Students also have access to online references as they can then be directly linked to
Internet databases, such as PubMed or ScienceDirect. Professors have access to all
of the previously mentioned, including PowerPoint slides of the book and journal
articles, and test banksfor thebook and journal articles.
Thank you!
David P. Clark, NanetteJ. Pazdernik and Michelle R.McGehee
Acknowledgments
Wewouldliketothank thefollowing individuals fortheirhelpinprovidinginforma-
tion, suggestions for improvement, and encouragement: Malikah Abdullah-Israel,
Laurie Achenbach, Steven Ackerman, Rubina Ahsan, Kasirajan Ayyanathan,
Marilyn Baguinon, Alex Berezow, Joan Betz, Blake Bextine, Gail Breen, Douglas
Burks, Mehmet Candas, Jung-ren Chen, Helen Cronenberger, Phil Cunningham,
Dennis Deluca, Linda DeVeaux, Elizabeth De Stasio, Justin DiAngelo, Susan
DiBartolomeis, Brian Downes, Ioannis Eleftherianos, Robert Farrell, Elizabeth
Blinstrup Good, Joyce Hardy, David L. Herrin, Walter M. Holmes, Karen Jackson,
Mark Kainz, Nemat Keyhani, Rebecca Landsberg, Richard LeBaron, Richard
Londraville, Larry Lowe, Charles Mallery, Boriana Marintcheva, Stu Maxwell, Ana
Medrano, Thomas Mennella, Donna Mueller, Khalil Zaynali Nezhad, Dan Nickrent,
Monica Oblinger, Rekha Patel, Marianna Patrauchan, Neena Philips, Wanda
Reygaert, Veronica Riha, Phillip Ryals, Donald Seto, Dan Simmons, Joan
Slonczewski, Malgosia Wilk-Blaszczak, HongzhuanWu,and Ding Xue.
xv
C h1a p t e r
Cells and
Organisms
1. WhatIsLife?............................2
2. LivingCreaturesAreMade
ofCells.......................................4
Before tackling the complex details of biology at the
3. EubacteriaandArchaea
AreGeneticallyDistinct........9 molecular level, we need to get familiar with the
4. EukaryoticCellsAre subject of our investigation—the living world. First, we
SubdividedInto
will consider what it means to be alive and then we shall
Compartments........................10
survey a range of cells and organisms that are often
5. TheDiversityof
Eukaryotes..............................13 studied by molecular biologists.
6. Haploidy,Diploidy,and Life is impossible to define exactly, but a general idea
theEukaryoteCellCycle.....13
is sufficient here. Living things consist of cells—some
7. OrganismsAreClassified....15
consist of a single cell, whereas others are made from
8. SomeWidelyStudied
assemblies of many million cells. Whatever the situation,
OrganismsServeas
Models.....................................16 living cells must grow, divide, and pass on their character-
9. BasicCharacteristics istics to their offspring. Molecular biology focuses on the
ofaModelOrganism...........28
details of growth and division. In particular, we are inter-
10. PurifyingDNAFrom
ested in how division is arranged so that each descendent
ModelOrganisms..................28
can inherit their parents characteristics.
11. VirusesAreNotLiving
Cells.........................................30 Scientists have devoted much effort in investigating
12. BacterialVirusesInfect certain favored organisms. In some cases this is a matter
Bacteria...................................31
of convenience—bacteria, yeast, and other single-celled
13. HumanViralDiseases
microorganisms are relatively easy to investigate. In other
AreCommon..........................33
cases it is due to self-interest. Mice—and some other
14. AVarietyofSubcellular
GeneticEntitiesExist...........33 animals—reveal much about humans, plants provide our
ReviewQuestions.........................36 food, and viruses make us sick.
FurtherReading.............................37
MolecularBiology.DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813288-3.00001-X
2 ©2019ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.
