Brochure Apricot

28 Pages·2014·2.69 MB·English

minor bush and table
kiwifruit apricot chestnut cherry strawberry almond apple walnut pear peach plum
fruit species cane berries grapes
LUNAFULL*
ORANGE RUBIS® Couloumine*
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minor bush and table
kiwifruit apricot chestnut cherry strawberry almond apple walnut pear peach plum
fruit species cane berries grapes
apricot
Apricot is native to northern China and was imported to Italy in the Roman era from Greece and
from Armenia.
Slightly over 50% of apricots are produced in the Mediterranean area. Italy is the most important
producer in Europe, with 230 million kg annually (24% of continental production), a number
which has been slowly but constantly increasing. The market has been stable in recent years and
production of high quality fruit has been profitable: important criteria include attractive appearance
and pleasant flavour. In recent years cultivars with extensive red coloration on the skin have become
more popular with consumers. Another important development is the extended harvest period which
today ranges from late May though early September. This effectively doubles the length of the apricot
season with respect to a few years ago and makes it possible to increase total production without
competing with traditional mid-season varieties. One negative aspect of many of the new cultivars is
self-incompatibility, once nearly non-existent. This requires the grower to plant at least two cultivars
with overlapping bloom to assure good fruit set. As a species, apricot isn’t well-adapted to restrained
pruning styles, due to its high vigour and the lack of dwarfing rootstocks. It tends to be grown
in more expansive tree forms, which reach full production earlier and are suitable for mechanical
harvest, given that large volumes of apricots are used in commercial processing. The “Catalan
vase” is a tree form produced by systemically pruning back shoots to 50 cm length during the first
few growing seasons. This reconciles the need to reduce tree height with the need for precocious
production. Green pruning of shoots can be done well mechanically (topping). In recent years
many new rootstocks have been introduced as alternatives to the traditional seedling Myrobalan
(Myrobalan clone 29/C, seedling peach Monclar and Rubira, seedling apricot Manicot, plum Penta,
Ishtara hybrids) which allow higher productivity, colour and fruit weight and permit apricots to be
grown in various soil types.
Rootstocks for apricot
rootstock origin vigour soil type advantages disadvantages
induced suitability
seedling Myrobalan seedlings of P. cerasifera high all soil types affinity, vigour, tolerant heterogeneity,
of active lime suckering
and waterlogging
Myrobalan 29C clonal selection high all soil types affinity, vigour, tolerant reduced
of P. cerasifera of active lime suckering
and waterlogging
Ishtara® Ferciana* complex interspecific medium-low moist fertile soils early fruiting, size sensitive to high
hybrid and color of fruit active lime
Adesoto® 101 Puebla* selection of medium replanting tolerates A. mellea low vigour
P. insititia in early years
Montclar® Chanturgue* peach seedling high poor soils affinity, high and only for varieties
uniform vigour, tolerant with med-low vigour
of active lime
peach interstock grafted high replanting, vigour, productivity physical
all soil types and quality incompatibility
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minor bush and table
kiwifruit apricot chestnut cherry strawberry almond apple walnut pear peach plum
fruit species cane berries grapes
Relative vigour of apricot rootstocks
100
100
95 95
90 90
80
70
70
65
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
ADESOTO® 101 ISHTARA® MONTCLAR® seedling MIRABOLANO 29C peach interstock
Puebla* Ferciana* Chanturgue* MIRABOLANO
CLIMATE Apricot has the problem of early SOIL
bloom which makes it more sus-
When dormant, apricots are cold- ceptible than other species to The large assortment of root-
tolerant enough to be cultivated in late frosts. stocks currently available allows
Val Venosta (Alto Adige) and, out- Breeding work over the last dec- the farmer to grow apricots in
side of Italy, in Germany, Poland, ades has substantially improved all soil types: loose-textured,
Hungary, and the Czech Repub- this characteristic and, generally, drought-prone, lime-rich (seed-
lic, though they prefer the Medi- recent varieties bloom later than ling apricot); medium-compact,
terranean climate where they pro- traditional ones so that they are lime-rich (Myrobalan); medium
duce up to their full potential in less susceptible to spring frost textured or loose, not too alka-
terms of quality and productivity. damage. line (peach seedling or Ishtara);
compact with risk of waterlog-
ging (plum).
ROOTSTOCKS
The introduction of new late-
ripening varieties now allows
the species to be cultivated in a
much wider geographical area.
Choice of rootstock is of critical
importance: it must be healthy,
compatible with the grafted culti-
var, adapted to the orchard’s soil,
able to give enough vigour to
achieve full production early and
to positively influence fruit qual-
ity. In recent years rootstocks are
used for resistance to diseases
that are becoming more com-
mon (phytoplasms, sharka and
bacterial infections).
The standards for rootstocks
today are clonal Myrobalan
29C and seedling Myrobalan,
LUNAFULL*, delayed vase, 2nd growing season known and used in all areas for
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apricot
minor bush and table
kiwifruit apricot chestnut cherry strawberry almond apple walnut pear peach plum
fruit species cane berries grapes
LUNAFULL*, delayed vase, 3rd growing season
their vigour, compatibility with well-coloured fruits. Since the used, and those most likely to
many cultivars and adaptability graft union between peach and find widespread use, are the
to a wide variety of soils. How- apricot has tissue discontinuity, delayed vase, the palmette and
ever, both have the defect of it is recommended that plants be the slender spindle. Other possi-
suckering. staked well (posts and wires) to bilities include the Catalan vase,
New rootstocks of interest in- avoid damage from strong wind. the pillar or the Y, either oriented
clude the interspecific hybrid along the row or perpendicular
Ishtara® Ferciana* and the to it.
Spanish plum Adesoto® 101 TRAINING The vertical wall forms are ap-
Puebla*. The former is inter- SYSTEMS propriate for fertile areas in the
esting for the reduction in tree foothills or plains with risk of late
vigour that it confers, making it Considering the location of the spring cold, while the vase forms
useful for high density orchards, orchard and the situation of are preferable in hilly areas where
in addition to improving fruit col- the farm, apricot may either be many orchard management op-
our and promoting earlier fruit grown in 3-dimensional training erations are difficult to mecha-
ripening. Adesoto® is a good systems or pruned to a vertical nize.
choice when there are prob- wall, due to the plasticity of this For all training styles, it is recom-
lems from frequent replanting of species. Among the most com- mended to prune using thinning
fruit species (it tolerates Armil- mon training systems presently cuts as opposed to heading cuts,
laria mellea). The seedling peach
Montclar® Chanturgue* is also
of interest: it is of widespread Training systems and tree density
use in France for its high vigour
particularly in poor soils. tree form/shape tree spacing (m) trees/ha
GF677 may also be used for vase variants 5-5,5 * 3-4 450-660
apricot with a peach interstock Catalan vase 4,5-5 * 2,5-3 670-890
to avoid problems of graft in- palmette 4-4,5 * 2,5-3 740-1100
compatibility. Characteristics of trellised Y 4-4,5 * 2-2,5 890-1250
GF677 include adaptability to all slender spindle 4-4,5 * 1,5-1,8 1230-1660
soil types, high vigour, coming
perpendicular V or Y 5 * 1,5 1330
into production early with large,
pillar 4-4,5 * 1-1,2 1850-2500
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minor bush and table
kiwifruit apricot chestnut cherry strawberry almond apple walnut pear peach plum
fruit species cane berries grapes
Degree of fertility and possibility of pollination between different varieties
POLLINIZER Pricia Tsunami Primando Aurora Lunafull Spring Blush Primaya Primaris Primius Rubista Ninfa Soledane Bora Pinkcot Orange Prima Priabel Orange Rubis Medaga Big Red Bella d'Imola Mediabell Goldrich Boreale Kioto San Castrese Palummella Stella Pieve Portici Bergeron Faralia Farely Fartoly Farbaly Farhial Farlis Farius Fardao Farclo
CULTIVAR
Pricia
Tsunami
Primando
Lunafull
Spring Blush
Primaya
Primaris
Primius
Rubista
Ninfa
Soledane
Bora
Pinkcot
Orange Prima
Priabel
Orange Rubis
Medaga
Big Red
Bella d'Imola
Mediabell
Goldrich
Boreale
Kioto
San Castrese
Palummella
Stella
Pieve
Portici
Bergeron
Faralia
Farely
Fartoly
Farbaly
Farhial
Farlis
Farius
Fardao
Farclo
Legend self-compatible self-incompatible inter-compatible
leaving an intact shoot at the tip development of the structural be robust, have side branches at
of the branch (to exercise apical branches which will be the skele- 50 to 100 cm above the ground
dominance), in order to reach full ton of the tree when fully formed. and possess a well-developed
production rapidly. This involves The quality of the trees planted is root system. If this is not possi-
summer pruning to favour the of critical importance: they must ble, or if the planting site is hilly
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apricot
minor bush and table
kiwifruit apricot chestnut cherry strawberry almond apple walnut pear peach plum
fruit species cane berries grapes
with poor soil without available
irrigation water, it is preferable to
top the young trees at 70 cm or
prune all side branches back to
2-3 buds. Aside from the tradi-
tional vase with its 3-4 perma-
nent branches selected from
the shoots that grow under the
terminal cut, the delayed vase
and Catalan vase can be cho-
sen and trained as described for
peach.
Development of the main scaf-
fold is helped by green prun-
ing, the first round of which in
mid-May, to remove branches
that compete with the tips of
the growing scaffold branches
(suckers or forked tips). At the
end of the summer, various types
of renewal cuts may be made,
leaving for dormant pruning only
the thinning of fruiting wood and LUNAFULL*, slender spindle, 3rd growing season, tree spacing 4x1.5 m
spurs. With these multiple prun-
ing passes, it is not necessary to
use props, weights, stakes and cuts). In the first three years few tance, with preference for robust
wires to widen branch angles, cuts are necessary, only to thin trunks with side branches. With
which lowers costs. excessive fruiting wood. In the inferior quality young trees, side
Regarding the palmette, the spring and summer of the sec- branches are shortened to 2-3
techniques that allow an early ond year, if the plants are grow- buds without topping the main
formation of tree structure are ing vigorously, the branches for axis. Using summer pruning, the
described: the central leader of the third scaffold can be select- growth of the leader shoot and
the whip is not topped, either ed, thus completing the palmette basal scaffold are encouraged
with green or dormant pruning, structure in three years. by removing competitive upright
unless there aren’t sufficient side The slender spindle is suitable and excessively vigorous shoots,
shoots. Green pruning thins any for high-density orchards in fertile leaving only a single growing tip
excessive side shoots originat- plains. This training system ben- on the central leader and scaffold
ing from the trunk, leaving only efits from trellising. The structure branches. It is important to main-
the ones selected to form the consists of a basal scaffold with tain an open space of about 40-
palmette structure. With good 4-5 uniformly spaced branches 50 cm on the central leader right
quality trees, the first two scaf- at a height of about 70-90 cm. above the scaffold branches to
folds can be formed in the first These must not interfere with favour growth of fruiting wood off
growing season. These scaffolds mechanized operations such the scaffolds. At the end of the
must be tied to the trellis wires as harvest or thinning (the first first year fruiting wood is thinned
as early as possible for them to scaffold must be below the har- (dormant pruning) leaving ad-
grow at the desired angle. Only vest platform trailer). Above the equate space between fruiting
shoots pointed towards the out- basal scaffold the central leader wood on the central leader. On
side will be selected, removing all is left with well-spaced fruiting the scaffold branches, thinning
those which grow on the dorsal branches in order to favour light cuts are made to select lower-
side of the branch. The select- penetration. These branches angled shoots and open the
ed shoots will form the fruiting support the fruiting wood: spurs, canopy, eliminating upright or
branches. In the palmette it is hangers, twigs. Training is done hanging (shaded) shoots.
also important to leave an intact following the criteria described One variant of the slender spin-
shoot at the tip of the branches, above, with thinning cuts rather dle is the pillar, which is suit-
eliminating other branches that than heading cuts. Quality of the able for modern high-density
compete with them (thinning nursery trees is of critical impor- orchards in fertile soils with risk
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minor bush and table
kiwifruit apricot chestnut cherry strawberry almond apple walnut pear peach plum
fruit species cane berries grapes
LUNAFULL*
PRIMAYA*
of late spring cold. As with the tral axis is never headed at 70- of spring cold, permits the culti-
spindle, the pillar requires trel- 80 cm from the ground, as this vation of apricots in areas once
lis posts and wires to support would cause too much vigorous considered unsuitable, such as
trees as well as the irrigation/ growth unsuited to this pruning plains and low hills. The new va-
fertigation system. Low-medium form. In order to keep the fruit- rieties are generally very aestheti-
vigour rootstocks are appropri- ing wood near the central axis, cally pleasing, orange with red
ate for the pillar system, which in those cultivars which tend to overtones, usually of good flavour,
reduce plant size, allowing put out few side shoots, some but in some cases are partially or
better light penetration in the branches may be tipped early in totally self-incompatible, which
lower canopy, and encourage the seasons to promote growth necessitates planting pollinizers in
precocious bearing. The pillar from more buds. If the young the orchards. One option is plant-
structure is based on a central plants are started well, the pillar ing alternate rows (blocks of 2 or
axis which supports the fruiting form is nearly achieved by the 4 rows) of inter-compatible varie-
wood directly on it, or on short end of the second year, when a ties. Another possibility is to insert
branches, but without a basal renewal cut is made at the tip of individual pollinizer trees along
scaffold tier. Fruiting wood is the central axis to keep the tree the rows. A third way to increase
uniformly distributed through at the desired height. external pollen in the orchard is
the available space. For this taking branches from other trees
training system it is preferable during bloom and tying them to
to acquire young trees with side VARIETIES trees in the orchard with the cut
branches evenly spaced along end in a container of water so that
the central axis starting at 60- The introduction of new geno- they stay fresh. The choice of in-
80cm height from the ground. types, especially the addition of ter-compatible varieties is of fun-
Trees are permitted to grow late ripening and very-late ripen- damental importance in ensuring
freely, thinning only excessive ing cultivars, has dramatically high and stable production. The
fruiting wood when planted. If lengthened the harvest season. following table summarizes the
weak branches are present they Also, the existence of late bloom- degree of fertility and compatibility
are simply shortened. The cen- ing varieties which are tolerant of various cultivars.
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apricot
minor bush and table
kiwifruit apricot chestnut cherry strawberry almond apple walnut pear peach plum
fruit species cane berries grapes
Ripening dates of apricots (relative to San Castrese)
in Emilia-Romagna San Castrese ripens between June 25th and July 2nd
Variety May June July August
days with respect to San Castrese
-39 PRICIA*
-38 TSUNAMI® EA5016*
-35 PRIMANDO*
-33 LUNAFULL*
-31 SPRING BLUSH® EA3126TH*
-29 PRIMAYA*
-25 PRIMARIS*
-25 PRIMIUS*
-24 RUBISTA® E140*
-24 NINFA*
-18 SOLEDANE*
-15 BORA® BO 90610010*
-15 PINKCOT® Copty*
-13 ORANGE PRIMA® Coulouprima*
-10 PRIABEL*
-8 ORANGE RUBIS® Couloumine*
-6 MEDAGA*
-4 BELLA D'IMOLA
-4 BIG RED® EA4006*
-4 MEDIABELL*
-4 GOLDRICH (SUNGIANT)
-3 BOREALE*
0 KIOTO*
0 SAN CASTRESE
+1 PALUMMELLA
+6 STELLA*
+6 PIEVE*
+7 PORTICI
+11 BERGERON
+14 FARALIA*
+31 FARELY*
+35 FARTOLI*
+41 FARBALY*
+51 FARHIAL*
+56 FARLIS*
+57 FARIUS*
+61 FARDAO*
+65 FARCLO*
VARIETAL Tree: high vigour, upright growth habit. Overall: variety with traditional
DESCRIPTIONS Fruit: elliptical, intense yellow skin fruit type, good crop of large fruit,
with slight reddish blush, medium- suitable for industrial use.
BELLA D’IMOLA large size, average/fair flavour, tart
Ripening date: -4 San Castrese. skin, medium-firm aromatic flesh. BERGERON
Origin: Italy. Productivity and Fruiting: self-com- Ripening date: +11 San Castrese.
Proprietor: not covered by patents or patible, consistent producer on spurs Origin: Saint-Cyr-au-Mont-d’Or,
licenses. and hangers. France.
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minor bush and table
kiwifruit apricot chestnut cherry strawberry almond apple walnut pear peach plum
fruit species cane berries grapes
Proprietor: not covered by patents or
licenses.
Tree: medium vigour, open growth
habit.
Fruit: oblong form, orange skin with
20-30% red blush, very good flavour,
sweet and aromatic.
Productivity and Fruiting: self-com-
patible, fruits on hangers and twigs,
consistent production only in north-
ern Italy.
Overall: a variety for colder north-
ern areas, in which it reaches its
full potential in terms of fruit qual-
ity; its self-compatibility guaran-
tees adequate levels of produc-
tion.
BIG RED® EA4006*
Ripening date: -4 San Castrese.
Origin: Escande EARL, France.
Proprietor: Escande EARL, France.
FARALIA*
Tree: medium-high vigour, standard-
to-open growth habit.
Productivity and Fruiting: self-
incompatible, fruits on all branch
types.
Fruit: medium-large size, round
shape, orange skin with 40-50% red
blush, firm sweet flesh, holds well
on tree.
Overall: interesting among the
early cultivars for yield and fruit
appearance, highly coloured and
holds well on tree; careful green
pruning needed to keep lower can-
opy well leafed.
BORA® BO 90610010*
Ripening date: -15 San Castrese
Origin: Bassi, Di.Pro.Ve., Milan, Italy
Proprietor: CRPV, Italy
Tree: medium-high vigour, standard-
upright growth habit.
Fruit: large size, oblong shape,
intensely orange skin; firm flesh,
keeps well; acidic skin, pleasant and
FARBALY*
aromatic flavour.
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apricot
minor bush and table
kiwifruit apricot chestnut cherry strawberry almond apple walnut pear peach plum
fruit species cane berries grapes
ORANGE PRIMA® Coulouprima*
Productivity and Fruiting: partially patible, consistent producer, fruits FARBALY*
self-fertile, bears mainly on spurs. mostly on spurs. Ripening date: +14 San Castrese.
Notable for good resistance to the Overall: Italian variety with con- Origin: Marie-France BOIS, France.
Sharka virus. sistent production, suited to all Proprietor: IPS, France.
Overall: variety of interest for apricot-producing areas, requires Tree: high vigour, semi-erect growth
ripening date and fruit type, with moderate pruning to maintain habit.
large size and good flavour. Since fruiting on older wood. Fruit: medium-large, orange with
fruit holds well on the tree it may 30% red blush, sweet, tasty, firm
be harvested when thoroughly FARALIA* flesh, semi-cling.
ripe, when skin acidity is balanced Ripening date: +14 San Castrese. Productivity and Fruiting: self-com-
by flesh sweetness. Very resistant Origin: Marie-France BOIS, France. patible, fruits on spurs and hangers,
to infection by the Sharka virus Proprietor: IPS, France. high and consistent yield.
(PPV). Tree: medium vigour, open growth Overall: very productive variety
habit. with large and attractive fruit; do
BOREALE® Fruit: large size, triangular form, not harvest early to avoid nega-
Ripening date: -3 San Castrese. orange with 30% bright red blush, tively impacting flavour, preco-
Origin: Daniele Bassi, DISAA, balanced flavour, fairly sweet, aro- cious bearing, potential for long
University of Milan, Italy. matic. post-harvest storage.
Proprietor: CRPV, Italy. Productivity and Fruiting: self-com-
Tree: medium vigour, standard patible, fruits on spurs and hangers, FARCLO*
growth habit. consistent high yield across years. Ripening date: +65 San Castrese.
Fruit: oval-round, yellow with Overall: variety with high agro- Origin: Marie-France BOIS, France.
20-30% red blush, average flavour, nomic potential, precocious bear- Proprietor: IPS, France.
slightly acidic, aromatic, holds mod- ing, high potential for fruit size and Tree: high vigour, open growth
erately well on tree. quality, suited to all apricot-pro- habit.
Productivity and Fruiting: self-com- ducing areas. Fruit: medium size, orange with
VIVAI F.LLI ZANZI 21