Table Of ContentCarbon
Nanomaterials
Second Edition
Advanced Materials and Technologies Series
Series Editor
Yury Gogotsi
Drexel University
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Carbon Nanomaterials, Second Edition, edited by Yury Gogotsi and Volker Presser
François Béguin and Elzbieta Frackowiak
Electronic, Magnetic, and Optical Materials, Pradeep Fulay
Carbons for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion Systems, edited by
François Béguin and Elzbieta Frackowiak
Nanotubes and Nanofibers, edited by Yury Gogotsi
Carbon
Nanomaterials
Second Edition
Edited by
Yury Gogotsi and Volker Presser
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
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Contents
Preface...............................................................................................................................................ix
Editors ...............................................................................................................................................xi
Contributors ...................................................................................................................................xiii
Chapter 1 Graphene: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications .....................................................1
Zongbin Zhao and Jieshan Qiu
Chapter 2 Fullerene C Architectures in Materials Science ......................................................47
60
Francesco Scarel and Aurelio Mateo-Alonso
Chapter 3 Graphite Whiskers, Cones, and Polyhedral Crystals .................................................89
Svetlana Dimovski and Yury Gogotsi
Chapter 4 Epitaxial Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes on Silicon Carbide ..............................115
Goknur C. Büke
Chapter 5 Cooperative Interaction, Crystallization, and Properties of Polymer–Carbon
Nanotube Nanocomposites .......................................................................................135
Eric D. Laird, Matthew A. Hood and Christopher Y. Li
Chapter 6 Carbon Nanotube Biosensors ...................................................................................187
Mei Zhang, Pingang He, and Liming Dai
Chapter 7 Carbon Nanostructures in Biomedical Applications ................................................217
Masoud Golshadi and Michael G. Schrlau
Chapter 8 Field Emission from Carbon Nanotubes ..................................................................233
Peng-Xiang Hou, Chang Liu, and Hui-Ming Cheng
Chapter 9 Nanocrystalline Diamond ........................................................................................251
Alexander Vul’, Marina Baidakova, and Artur Dideikin
Chapter 10 Carbon Onions .........................................................................................................279
Yuriy Butenko, Lidija Šiller, and Michael R. C. Hunt
Chapter 11 Carbide-Derived Carbons ........................................................................................303
Yair Korenblit and Gleb Yushin
vii
viii Contents
Chapter 12 Templated and Ordered Mesoporous Carbons .........................................................331
Pasquale F. Fulvio, Joanna Gorka, Richard T. Mayes, and Sheng Dai
Chapter 13 Oxidation and Purification of Carbon Nanostructures ............................................355
Sebastian Osswald and Bastian J. M. Etzold
Chapter 14 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Nano-Carbons ..............................................................395
Masahiro Yoshimura and Jaganathan Senthilnathan
Chapter 15 Carbon Nanomaterials for Water Desalination by Capacitive Deionization ...........419
P. Maarten Biesheuvel, Slawomir Porada, Albert van der Wal, and Volker Presser
Chapter 16 Carbon Nanotubes for Photoinduced Energy Conversion Applications ..................463
Ge Peng, Sushant Sahu, Mohammed J. Meziani, Li Cao, Yamin Liu, and
Ya-Ping Sun
Index ..............................................................................................................................................499
Preface
Originating from humble beginnings when the term was coined in 1974 by Norio Taniguchi, nano-
technology has become by far the fastest growing area and the shooting star in materials science
and engineering. Its impact can be seen in everyday products with improved or novel proper-
ties and, often as a buzz word, nanotechnology is widely present in the news and popular media.
Typical examples range over a tremendously wide field, from high-performance computer chips
and UV-blocking sun care cosmetics to nature’s very own nanotechnology, including the adhesion
of gecko feet even to smooth surfaces or the incredible strength of spider webs. It is only since the
advent of high-resolution characterization techniques and advanced computer modeling that we
have started to understand the mysteries and marvels of the “nano world” in such a way that we
are able to capitalize on its unique phenomena and tailor material properties for making nanoscale
devices. Many of the unique properties of nanomaterials, such as fluorescence or high electron
mobility, may vanish for macroscale objects.
Carbon nanomaterials are widely used in commercial products. In mere numbers of scientific
publications, the research on carbon nanomaterials, such as graphene, nanotubes, and fullerenes,
exceeds by far all other fields of nanotechnology. Carbon nanotechnology has gained significant
attention, energized by discoveries such as fullerenes, followed by carbon nanotubes, and, of course,
the latest addition to the carbon family, graphene. Almost all recent discoveries relate back to the
work that was done decades ago, such as the work on graphene from Hans-Peter Boehm in the
1960s or Eiji Osawa’s pioneering work that predicted fullerenes in 1970. As is common for materials
science, it takes years for materials development to attain a mature state and, after the first hype of
a new discovery, the actual use and applicability of such materials start to become clear. However,
it is noticeable how the speed of transferring the novel discoveries from the laboratory to scalable
production and applications has increased significantly. For example, when looking at carbon nano-
tubes, manufacturing costs have been constantly decreasing during the past 20 years and today,
large amounts of nanotubes are available for various applications. Currently, we see the same trend
for graphene, yet at an even faster pace. Owing to the ability of carbon to occur in sp, sp2, and sp3
hybridization, carbon is truly the most versatile element in the periodic table with a large variety of
allotropes and structures of various dimensionality, and it is exciting to see how new carbon mate-
rials with unique properties are discovered and explored for various applications—ranging from
energy or gas storage, to catalysis, water treatment, medical implants, drug delivery, biofiltration,
electronics, and many more fields.
While tutoring students and teaching graduate courses on nanostructured carbon materials, the
need for a comprehensive, yet up-to-date, textbook on carbon nanotechnology became clear to us.
The first edition of Carbon Nanomaterials from 2006 has become outdated because of the rapid
developments in the field. Currently, there are a growing number of mostly topical books on car-
bons; however, the variety of carbon nanomaterials and their applications is insufficiently reflected
in such compilations. By completely revising and extensively expanding the first edition of Carbon
Nanomaterials, we hope to reflect the diversity of carbon nanotechnology regarding their synthe-
sis and properties and also provide insights into the actual applications. We follow the successful
approach of having leading experts in their respective fields author single chapters to provide a “first
hand” experience to the reader and in this way we also provide an outlook on ongoing and future
developments. We acknowledge that no single book can capture all aspects of carbon nanotech-
nology or provide a complete listing of all carbon nanomaterials. However, we believe that in the
current compilation with 16 chapters, ranging from energy conversion and electronic applications,
to water treatment and biomedicine, a representative cross-section is provided. The broad topic
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