Computers and Design in Context

427 Pages·1997·26.028 MB·English

by  Morten Kyng, Lars Mathiassen

Computearnsd D esiginnC ontext
CopyrigMhatteedr ial
Computearnsd D esiginnC ontext
editbeydM orteKny nga ndL arMsa thiassen
TheM ITP ress
CambridMgaes,s achusetts
London, England
CopyrigMhatteedr ial
© 1997M assachusIenttsst iotfuT teec hnology
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electroornm iecc hanimceaaln (si nclupdhiontgo copyriencgo,r dionri gn,f orma­
tiosnt oraagnedr etriewviatlh)op uetr missiinwo rni tifnrgo mt hpeu blisher.
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LibraoryfC ongreCsast aloging-in-Publication Data
ComputearnsdD esiginnc onteIxe td itbeydM orteKny ngan dL arMsa thiassen.
p. cm.
Inclbuidbeliso grarpehfiecraelan ncdei sn dex.
ISBN0 -262-112(2a3l-pkXa. p er)
1.S ystedme sig2n.C. o mputearnsdc ivilizIa.tK iyonng.,
Morten,195.0 II-.M athiasLsaerns,.
QA76.9.S88C61693947
004-dc21 97-11741
CIP
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Contents
IntroducDteisoingi:nn C ontextXl
MorteKny nga ndL arMsa thiassen
1 EvolutiNoont,R evolutPiarotni:c ipaDteosriying nt hTeo olbelt
Era 1
TamarSau mnearn dM arkuSst olze
Introduct1i on
TheF ourtDhe velopmCeOnNTtE XT: High-TeTcoho lbelts 3
CasSet udVyo:i cDei alDoegs ign7
TheC onvergeonfEc Ve Ca nd PD:P articipEavtoolruyt ionary
Developtm en19
Conclusi2o3n
Trademark Notifica2t4i ons
Acknowledgme2n4t s
Referenc2e5s
2 ComputUesre b yAr tisatnsd D esignSeormseP: e rspecotniT vweos
DesiTgrna ditio2n7s
ColiBne ardoSnu,eG olliCfherri,s toRpohseera, n dS uzetWtoer den
Arta ndD esigPnr actic2e7
InitFiianld ing2s9
PrelimiAnnaarlyy si3s4
ParticipDaetsoirgyn 4 3
Summary 48
Acknowledgme4n9t s
Referenc4e9s
CopyrigMhatteedr ial
vi Contents
3 ThreeL eveolfEs n d-UsTeari lorCiunsgt:o mizatiInotne,g ratainodn ,
Extensio5n1
AnderMs0 rch
IntroducItdieonnt:i fythienP gr oblem5 1
RelevaPnrevtio usW ork 53
ThreLee veolfsT ailriong 54
General Discu7s2s ion
FurthWeorr k 73
Acknowledgme7n4t s
Referenc7e4s
4 DesifgonHr e terogene7i7t y
KarTih oresen
PoinotfD eprature 77
Methodoolgy 81
NetSys-BAr iOevfe rview8 3
Telenaonrdt hUes eGrr oups8 6
InterprtehteCi onngt enotfts h eDa tabase 90
NavigatBientgw eSecnre ens 97
DesigRna tioansaa Kl eey t oU se 102
HeterogenEenoguisn eering-EolfeN meetnStysTs r'asj ecto1r0y3
Conclusio1n0s6
Acknowledgmen1t0s7
Referenc1e0s7
5 What Kind ofC arI sT hiSsa lSeUsP P9Srty steOmn? S tylAretsi,f acts,
andQ uality-in1-1U1s e
PelElhen T,h eiMse ggerOided,S teeannd,M i ckSev edemar
Introduct1i1o2n
HasI TG otS tyle?1 15
Quality-i1n19- Use
InquirIinetQsou ality-in-1U2se4
Insteoafad S ummary-tQhuea litequ1e3 5
Acknowledgme1n4t1s
Referenc1e4s1
CopyrigMhatteedr ial
Contentsv ii
6 AccountfionSrgy steBme haviRoerp:r esentRaetflieocnt,ai nodn ,
ResourcAecfutli on1 45
PauDlo urish
Introduct1i4o5n
OperatainodnS tate1 48
ConnectainodnD isconnect1i5o0n
OpenI mplementati15o3n s
AccountfionSrg y steAcmt ion1 56
Exploring Acc1o5u7n ts
AccounatnsdU sers1 60
PerspecatnidvC eusr reWnotr k 166
Summarayn dC onclusio1n6s8
Acknowledgme1n6t9s
Referenc1e6s9
7 ComputeirnCs o ntext-iBnuW th icCho ntext1?7 1
TorbjNoarsnlu nd
Introduct1i7on1
Method 172
TheU seS ettin1g7 4
TheD evelopmSeenttt in1g7 5
GrouposfA ctoirnst hPer ojec1t7 6
ContextVuiaelw osf t heA pplicati1o7n9
ContextAupapll icaotfiE oxnp ertis1e8 6
TheI nterreloafCt oinotne xtVuiaelw s 187
Conclusio1n92s
A Prografmo Irm provemen1t9s5
Acknowledgme1nt98s
Referenc1e9s8
8 TowaradC ooperaEtixvpee rimenStyaslt Deemv elopment
Approach2 01
KajG mnbrekMo,r teKny nga,n dP rbee nM ogensen
Introduct2i0o2n
ConceptDuiamle nsion2s0 3
TheC onceronfCs E SD 211
ActiviatnidTe hse iRre lationtsoCh oinpc erannsdC ontext2 25
CopyrigMhatteedr ial
Vtlt Contents
Conclusi2on3 3
Acknowledgme2n3t4s
Referenc2e3s5
9 DesignSitnagk ehoElxdpeerc tatiiontn hseI mpelmentatoifoN ne w
TechnoloCgaynW: e EveLre arnO urL essons2?3 9
TomM cMasteMra,r kC .J oneasn,dT revWooro d-Harper
Introduct2i3o9n
A CommunicatSitorna teg2y4?0
CasSet udayn dR esearAcphp roach2 43
Finding2s4 8
Discussi2o5n5
FinaClo mments2 60
Acknowledgme2n6t1s
Referenc2e6s2
10B actko W orkR:e newiOnlg dAg endfaosCr o operatDievsei gn2 67
JeaneBtltoem beLrugc,yS uchmaann,d R andaTlrli gg
Introduct2i6o7n
TheR esearPcrho jec2t6 9
TheW orkS ite2 71
ProduDcetv elopme2n7t6
Conclusi2o8n 0
Acknowledgme2n8t4s
Referenc2e8s5
11D esiginnG roups-AnAdl Tlh aJta zz 289
ToneB ratteatnedEi rgi Skt olterman
Introduct2i8o9n
TheD esigPnr oces2s9 2
A VarieotfPy e rspecti2v9e9s
DesigInn volTvaeksi nRgi sks3 02
CommunicatIinovno lFvoersg etti3n0g4
OrchestrGartoiunDpge sign3 07
ConcludRienmga rks3 10
Acknowledgme3n1t1s
Referenc3e11s
CopyrigMhatteedr ial
Contents; x
12S peecAhct sO nT rial 317
JanL jungbaenrdgP eteHro lm
Introduct3i1o7n
Themeisn t heC riticoifSs pme eAccht s 323
SpeecAhc tosn T rial3 24
Conclusio3n4s1
Acknowledgme3n4t3s
Referenc3e4s4
13E thnocriticHaelu ristfiocRrse flectoinngW orkw ithU serasn d
OtheIrn terePsatretdi e3s4 9
MichaJe.Mlu ller
Introduct3i4on9
RelevaonfcE et hnocrittioHc CiIs m 350
ThreCeo mponenotfEs t hnocriti3c5i4s m
AnH CIA daptatoifEo tnh nocriti3c5i7s m
EthnocriHteiucrails ftoirHc CsI 360
Summarayn dR evieWwh:a tH aveE thnocriHteiucrails Atdidcesd
toO urP ractaincdUe ndersdtianng? 368
What'Wsr ongw itThh iCsh apter3?6 9
Conclusio3n7 1
Acknowledgme3n7ts1
Glossar3y7 2
Referenc3e7s5
14An InformaStiyosnt eRmess earch Framfeotrwh oeOr kr ganizational
Laborator3y8 1
KristBirnaa an d RichaVridd gen
Introduct3i8o1n
ClassificoaftI iSRo ens earMceht hods3 82
A FramewofrokIr S R esearc3h8 4
ResearMceht hodfso rt heO rgaznaitionLaalb orator3y8 6
Usintgh eR esearScpha ce3 93
Summary 397
Acknowledgme3n9t8s
Referenc3e9s8
ContribuAtdodrrse's se4s0 1
Index 405
CopyrigMhatteedr ial
IntroducDteisoing:in nC ontext
MorteKny nga ndL arMsa thiassen
Thibso okd ealwsi tthh ed esiogfnc omputaerrt ifiacnct osn teTxoto .
oftedne sipgrno cesasreeis n stitutisoenpaalrlafytr eodm i ngshitisn to
theu seo ft hed esignaerdt ifaancdte ,v edne signtehresm seeslm vayu se
modelasn dc oncepthtastf ocuosn t hea rtifwaictth opuaty inagt tention
tot hec onteixnwt h icthh ea rtifiasuc ste dB.o tih nt hep roceosfds e sign
andi nt hew ayd esigntehrisnt kh,e riesa powerfturla ditfioorsn t riving
tos eparactoen cerTnhse.c ontributtoit ohnibsso oka reb aseodn t he
assumpttihoantt h iissa ni mportraenats foonmr a nyo ft hef ailuarneds
breakdoiwnncs o ntemporsayrsyt edmesv elopment.
We belieivtie st imteo j oifno rcienst h ed esiogfnc omputaerrt ifacts.
Thicsa nb ea chievoenad p ersonlaelvt ehlr oucgohl laborbaettiwoene n
designaenrdus s eristc; a na lsboe a chievoenad c onceptlueavtleh lr gohu
thes ystemuasteoi cfc omplemenptearrsyp ectthiavctea snh eltph ae ctors
involivnea d d esipgrno cebsest tuenrd ersttahnesd i tuatainodcn o meu p
wituhs efsuoll utions.
Thec ontributtoto hrisbs o oka ddretshsed esiogfnc omputteoro ls,
applicatainodns sy,s teamnsd ,i np articutlhaecr l,o sree lationship
betweedne siagnnd u seT.h ea uthobrrsi ntgo getvhaerri ocuosm put­ing
relatreeds eha rdcisciplsiuncehas s,i nfortmoian systemcso,m puter­
supporctoeodp erea towirvkh,u man-compiuntteerr acatnidso onf,t ware
engineeraiswn egl,al s t hosseo cisacli endcies ciptlhianater sea lscoo n­
cernewdi tthh et heoarnyd p ractoifct eh ed esiagnnd u seo fc omputer
artifacts.
CopyrigMhatteedr ial
xii Introduction
Context
Thec ontributtoit ohnibsso okw eres elecftreodmt heT hirDde cennial
Confereantct eh eU niverosfiA tya rhuDse,n marCko,m puterisnC on­
texJto:i ning FionrD ceessi gTnh.e c onferewnacseh e ldi nA arhus,
DenmarkA,u gus1t4 t o1 8,1 995w,i tthh ea ctipvaer ctiipatoifos no me
two hundrmeedm berosft hei nternatcioomnpatuli ncgo mmuni.tT yhis
conferenceas t whaets i,t ilned icaat heiss,t orpircoaglr oensf sriomt wo
previcoounsf erehnecleadstt hUe niverosfiA tya rhuisn1 975a nd1 985.
Thefi rscto nferewnacsoe r ganibzyeP dr ofesKsroirs tNeyng aarwdh,o
att hatti mwea sv isitpirnogf esastto hrUe n iveyr osfiA tarhuTsh.e t heme
oft hec onferewnacsWe o rkinPgr actiicnSe yss teDmesv elopmeanntd ,
thfeo cuwsa so nt hev arioiunst ergersotu prsel atteodt hed esiagnnd u se
ofc omputaerrt ifaAc ntusm.b eorf t raduen ioann de mployreerp re­
sentattiovoekas n a ctipvaer itn t hec onferewnhciec,ah t tracmtuecdh
attentainodnfi rmleys tabliaschteidro ne searicnch o llaborwaittiho n
speciifinct ergersotu p(sip na rticturlaaduren ionassa) necesssaurpyp l­e
mentto t raditionala prpersoeaacrhcehs .
The seconcdo nferewnacse entitled Devealnodp Umseen otf
Computer-BSayssetdea mnsdT ools-tihnCe o nteoxftD emocratization
ofW orkT. hef ocuwsa so nw orka ndd emocraacnyd,t hem ajocro n­
tributtioot nhsis se concdo nferewnecreep ublisihneC do mputaenrds
Democr(aGcryBo j erkneetas ls1. 9 87).
Thet hreceo nfereanlcsebosr oadengeedo graphiTchaelfi lrys.ct o ­n
ferenicn1e 9 75w asS candinavwihainca,hl lowneodn Englsipseha king
participaa cnhtacsne t os peaku p.H oweveirn,1 985t hei nteriens t
workplace-dbeavseeldo pmheandit n creapsaerdt,i cuilnaE rulryo paen,d
theA arhucso nferecnhcaen giend taon E nglish-speevaekniitnno g rd er
tof urthienrt ernatrieosneaalir ncthe ractAinodnb sy1 .9 95t hec onfer­
encteh emehsa dr eachtehdei nternatrieosneaalr ch aagsee vniddae,n ced
byt hceo ntributtoit ohnibsso ok.
Organization
Theb ooki so rgandi iznettow op artTsh.e fi rsatd drespsreoslbme sa nd
themerse latteodu nderstanadritnigf aacntdts h eiurs ea,n di tmsa in
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