Conservation Across Landscapes: India's Approaches to Biodiversity Governance

200 Pages·2012·5.55 MB·English

Conservation
Across Landscapes
India’s Approaches to
Biodiversity Governance

Conservation Across Landscapes
India’s Approaches to Biodiversity Governance
Authors
Pramod Krishnan
Rajesh Ramakrishnan
Sushil Saigal
Shailesh Nagar
S. Faizi
H.S. Panwar
Subrata Singh
Nimesh Ved
Editors
Pramod Krishnan
Rajesh Ramakrishnan
Editorial support
Charu Soni
Concept development
Swati Sahi
Peer reviewers
Nik Sekhran
Caroline Petersen
Srinivasan Iyer
A.K. Goyal
Manoj Misra
K.B. Thampi
V.B. Mathur
James Zacharias
C. Sasikumar
i
Copyright: © UNDP 2012. All rights reserved. Published in India by UNDP.
Citation: Krishnan, P., Ramakrishnan, R., Saigal, S., Nagar, S., Faizi, S., Panwar, H.S., Singh, S. and Ved, N. (2012).
Conservation Across Landscapes: India’s Approaches to Biodiversity Governance. United Nations Development Programme,
New Delhi, India.
Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorised without prior written
permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale
or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder.
The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression
of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNDP concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its
authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
The authors are responsible for the content of this book, drawing on the thinking and work of many organizations and
people. The views expressed in this publication are those of its authors and do not necessarily represent those of UNDP.
Designed by Simi Jaison Designs, New Delhi
Printed by Impress, New Delhi
Front cover photo: M.Balan
Back cover photos: Manoj Nair and Foundation for Ecological Security
UNDP thanks the Government of Norway for its support to UNDP’s Biodiversity Global Programme, which made this
publication possible.
NR Management Consultants India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi and Foundation for Ecological Security, Anand, Gujarat provided
critical support for content development, editing and layout design.
M.F. Farooqui and Hem Pande from the Ministry of Environment and Forests and Caitlin Wiesen and Alexandra Solovieva
from UNDP India provided valuable guidance for the preparation of this publication. Preeti Soni, Ruchi Pant, Lianchawii
Chhakchhuak, Jayesh Bhatia, Jagdeesh Rao, Mona Mishra, Nandita Surendran, Manju Narang, Gunjan Tandon, Nishu
Nirula, Shimpy Wadhwa, Nayanika Singh, Sudin K., Sushmita Mandal, Muna Haq and Marina Gutmann extended support
at various stages.
Contents
Acronyms and Abbreviations v
Foreword ix
Chapter 1: Background 1
Chapter 2: Profile of India’s Biodiversity 17
Chapter 3: Protected Areas – Reservoirs of Biodiversity 41
Chapter 4: Autonomous Conservation Efforts – Community Conserved Areas 65
Chapter 5: Territorial Forests – A Multiple-use Resource Base 81
Chapter 6: Joint Forest Management – Co-management of Biodiversity 101
Chapter 7: Decentralized Governance of Biodiversity 117
Chapter 8: The Future of Biodiversity Governance in India 139
Annexure 1: Strategic Goals and the Aichi Biodiversity Targets 158
Annexure 2: List of wetlands of international importance (Ramsar sites) in India 161
Annexure 3: Estimated faunal diversity of India 162
Annexure 4: Estimated floral and micro-organisms diversity of India 164
Annexure 5: Endemism in selected faunal groups in India 165
Annexure 6: Endemism in different floral groups in India 166
Annexure 7: Summary of protected area statistics in India 167
Annexure 8: Tiger Reserves in India 169
Annexure 9: Tiger status with regard to forest occupancy and estimated population (2006-2010) 171
Annexure 10: List of landscapes and Elephant Reserves in India 172
Annexure 11: National level forestry research and training institutions 174
Annexure 12: Rights conferred on communities, Gram Sabhas and individuals by the Scheduled Tribes
and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 176
References 177
iii

Acronyms and Abbreviations
ACE Autonomous Community Efforts
ADC Autonomous District Council
AICOPTAX All India Coordinated Project on Capacity Building in Taxonomy
ABS Access and Benefit Sharing
BCRLIP Biodiversity Conservation and Rural Livelihoods Improvement Project
BMC Biodiversity Management Committee
BSI Botanical Survey of India
CAMPA Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority
CAMPFIRE Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources
CBD Convention on Biological Diversity
CBO Community-Based Organization
CCA Community Conserved Area
CEC Central Empowered Committee
CFR Community Forest Rights
C&I Criteria and Indicators
CMS Convention on Migratory Species
CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
COC Chain of Custody
CSO Central Statistical Organization
DAHDF Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries
DAC Department of Agriculture and Cooperation
DBT Department of Bio-Technology
DfID Department for International Development
DLC District Level Committee
EBA Ecosystem Based Adaptation/Approach
EEC European Economic Community
EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone
EDC Ecodevelopment Committee
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
ESA Ecologically Sensitive Area
ESZ Eco-Sensitive Zone
ETF Elephant Task Force
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FDA Forest Development Agency
FDC Forest Development Corporation
FMU Forest Management Unit
FPC Forest Protection Committee
FRA Forest Rights Act
FSC Forest Stewardship Council
FSI Forest Survey of India
v
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GEF Global Environment Facility
GHG Green House Gas
GoI Government of India
IBA Important Bird Area
ICDP Integrated Conservation and Development Project
ICFRE Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education
IFCC Indian Forest Certification Council
IIFM Indian Institute of Forest Management
IRF International Rhino Foundation
IRV India Rhino Vision
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature
IWC International Whaling Commission
JFM Joint Forest Management
JFMC Joint Forest Management Committee
JFMN Joint Forest Management Network
JFPM Joint Forest Planning and Management
FRLHT Foundation for Revitalisation of Local Health Traditions
MAB Man and Biosphere
MDG Millennium Development Goal
MEA Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
MEE Management Effectiveness Evaluation
MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forests
MoIB Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
MoTA Ministry of Tribal Affairs
MoSPI Ministry of Statistics and Planning Implementation
MPCA Medicinal Plant Conservation Area
MSSRF M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation
NAEB National Afforestation and Eco-development Board
NAP National Afforestation Programme
NAPCC National Action Plan on Climate Change
NBA National Biodiversity Authority
NEP National Environment Policy
NFAP National Forestry Action Plan
NFC National Forest Commission
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
NPV Net Present Value
NRA National Resource Accounting
NTCA National Tiger Conservation Authority
NTFP Non-Timber Forest Product
NTGCF National Tree Growers’ Cooperative Federation
NWAP National Wildlife Action Plan
PCCF Principal Chief Conservator of Forests
PESA Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act
PBR People’s Biodiversity Register
POWPA Programme of Work on Protected Areas
PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal
PRI Panchayati Raj Institution
vi
R&D Research and Development
REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation
RWE Round Wood Equivalent
SAPCC State Action Plan on Climate Change
SBB State Biodiversity Board
SDLC Sub-Divisional Level Committee
SFM Sustainable Forest Management
SG Sacred Grove
SIDA Swedish International Development Co-operation Agency
TBPA Transboundary Protected Area
TCF Tiger Conservation Foundation
TCP Tiger Conservation Plan
TEEB The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity
TGCS Tree Growers’ Cooperative Society
TTF Tiger Task Force
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
UNFCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
WB World Bank
WII Wildlife Institute of India
WWF World Wide Fund for Nature
WCPA World Commission on Protected Areas
WDPA World Database on Protected Areas
WCMC World Conservation Monitoring Centre
ZSI Zoological Survey of India
Currency equivalents
INR equivalent of 1 USD (annual average)
2001-02 47.7
2002-03 48.4
2003-04 46.0
2004-05 44.9
2005-06 44.3
2006-07 45.3
2007-08 40.2
2008-09 45.9
2009-10 47.4
2010-11 45.6
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