Florida's Frontiers

491 Pages·2002·10.014 MB·English

by  Paul E. Hoffman

Florida’s
Frontiers
(cid:2)
Paul E. Hoffman
(cid:2)
Indiana University Press Bloomington & Indianapolis
Florida’s Frontiers
A History of the Trans-Appalachian Frontier
(cid:1)
WalterNugentandMalcolmRohrbough,generaleditors
Andrew L. Cayton. Frontier Indiana
R. Douglas Hurt. The Ohio Frontier:
Crucible of the Old Northwest, 1720–1830
Mark Wyman. The Wisconsin Frontier
James E. Davis. Frontier Illinois
John R. Finger. Tennessee Frontiers
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(cid:1)2002byPaulE.Hoffman
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requirementsofAmericanNationalStandardforInformation
Sciences—PermanenceofPaperforPrintedLibrary
Materials,ANSIZ39.48-1984.
ManufacturedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Hoffman,PaulE.,date
Florida’sfrontiers/PaulE.Hoffman.
p.cm.— (Ahistoryofthetrans-appalachianfrontier)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN0-253-34019-5
1.Florida—History—To1821.2.Florida—History—1821–1865.
3.Florida—Ethnicrelations.4.Frontierandpioneerlife—Florida.
5.Humangeography—Florida. I.Title.II.Series.
F314.H752002
975.9—dc21
2001002831
1 2 3 4 5 07 06 05 04 03 02
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Contents
ListofFigures vii
ListofTables ix
Foreword xi
Preface xv
Abbreviations xvii
1. 1
The Secrets of the Land
2. 20
Discovering the Secrets
3. 47
The Spanish Tidewater Frontier, First Phase,
1562–1586
4. 73
The Tidewater Frontier, Second Phase,
1586–1608
5. 100
The Inland Frontier,
1609–1650
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vi Contents
6. 125
Death, Rebellion, a New Accommodation, and
New Defenses: La Florida’s Frontiers,
1650–1680
7. 148
The First Contests with the English,
1680–1702
8. 174
The Military Frontier, at Last,
1702–1763
9. 207
New Tidewater Frontiers,
1763–1790
10. 243
The American Frontier Envelops East Florida,
1790–1821
11. 282
The American Frontiers,
1821–1860
Notes 317
Bibliography 429
Index 457
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Figures
1.1. Michael Lok, North America 3
1.2. Major southern forests 5
1.3. Physiographic map of La Florida 7
1.4. Florida soils 11
1.5. Early Historic Phases in the Eastern Woodlands,
A.D. 1540 17
2.1. The Spanish Southeast, ca. 1526 27
2.2. Routes of Pa´nfilo de Narva´ez and Hernando de Soto 30
4.1. St. Augustine, 1595 75
6.1. Mission consolidations, 1657–ca. 1662 132
6.2. Effects of “Chichimec” raids, 1661–1675 139
7.1. Alonso de Solana, Mapa de la Isla de la Florida, 1683 154
8.1. Oglethorpe’s attack on St. Augustine, 1740 194
8.2. The Southeast in 1748 198
9.1. Spanish land claims in Florida, ca. 1764 212
9.2. British East Florida, 1770 214
9.3. Florida Indian communities, 1764–1783 217
9.4. Spanish territorial claims, 1783 235
10.1. Townships with one or more Spanish land grants,
1821 273
10.2. Florida Indian communities, 1816–1819 276
11.1. The First Seminole Reservation 290
11.2. Northeast Florida, per H. S. Tanner, New
American Atlas, 1823 296
11.3. Second Seminole War, 1835–1842 306
11.4. A Plat Exhibiting the State of the Surveys in the
State of Florida, 1852 311
11.5. Map of the State of Florida Showing the Progress
of the Surveys, 1857 315

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Tables
Table 3.1. Temporary Florida Garrisons and Missions,
1565–1574 55
Table 4.1. Maize Tithe at St. Augustine, 1597–1616 88
Table 7.1. Labor Pool, Sapelo Island, 1681 151
Table 7.2. Caciques and Cacicas, Mocama Towns,
December 1685 157
Table 7.3. Maize Purchases for Garrison, 1694–1696 171
Table 9.1. Evacuees, East Florida, 1763 210
Table 9.2. Selected East Florida Exports, 1770–1783 222
Table 9.3. East Florida’s English Trade and Subsidy,
1763–1775 223
Table 9.4. Royalist Refugees and Slaves Entering East
Florida, 1782–1783 230
Table 9.5. Population Estimates, St. Augustine and East
Florida, ca. 1785–1814 238
Table 10.1. Headright Grants, 1815–1818 271
Table 10.2. Service Grants, 1790–1819 271
Table 11.1. General Census Data, Florida, 1830–1860 298
Table 11.2. Public Land Sales, 1825–1860 299
Table 11.3. Florida Cotton Production, 1821–1860 301
Table 11.4. Seminole Census, 1847 313