Human Anatomy

901 Pages·2014·232.02 MB·English

by  Frederic H. Martini

SP TLIGHT FIGURES
Contents in Brief
1
Foundations An Introduction to Anatomy 1 2.4 Membrane Permeability: Active and Passive Processes 32
2
The Cell 27
2.13 Functions of the Golgi Apparatus 41
3
Tissues and Early Embryology 49
4 2.17 Mitosis 45
The Integumentary System
The Integumentary System 86
The Skeletal System 5 3.10 Mechanisms of Glandular Secretion 60
Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure 109
6
Axial Division 133 5.6 Intramembranous Ossification 117
7
Appendicular Division 176
5.7 Endochondral Ossification 118
8
Articulations 207
9 8.2 Joint Motion 212
The Muscular System Skeletal Muscle Tissue and Muscle Organization 239
10
Axial Musculature 263 9.7 Sliding Filament Theory 248
11
Appendicular Musculature 288 9.13 Levers and Pulleys 258
12
Surface Anatomy and Cross-Sectional Anatomy Surface Anatomy and Cross-Sectional Anatomy 331
11.2 Factors Affecting Appendicular Muscle Function 290
13
The Nervous System Neural Tissue 344
14 13.9 Myelination 352
The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves 366
15
Sensory and Motor Tracts of the Spinal Cord 393 14.9 The Cervical and Brachial Plexuses 376
16
The Brain and Cranial Nerves 409 14.11 The Lumbar and Sacral Plexuses 382
17
Autonomic Nervous System 457
15.2 Organization of Spinal Cord Tracts 396
18
General and Special Senses 477
19 17.1 An Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System 460
The Endocrine System The Endocrine System 512
20
The Cardiovascular System Blood 534 19.2 Neuroendocrine Integration: The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 516
21
The Heart 551 21.11 The Conducting System and the Cardiac Cycle 566
22
Vessels and Circulation 575
22.1 The Structure of Blood Vessels 578
23
The Lymphatic System The Lymphatic System 611
24 23.6 Lymphocyte Formation and Immunity 618
The Respiratory System The Respiratory System 632
25
The Digestive System The Digestive System 658 24.16 Respiratory Muscles and Pulmonary Ventilation 652
26
The Urinary System The Urinary System 695 25.10 Anatomy of the Stomach 672
27
The Reproductive System The Reproductive System 715
28 26.9 The Renal Corpuscle 704
Embryology and Human Development 747
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A00_MART3322_08_SE_IFC.indd 2-3 Title: Human Anatomy / 8e Server: Short / Normal / Long Publishing Services Title: Human Anatomy / 8e Server: Short / Normal / Long Publishing Services 01/11/13 2:45 PM
SP TLIGHT FIGURES
Contents in Brief
1
Foundations An Introduction to Anatomy 1 2.4 Membrane Permeability: Active and Passive Processes 32
2
The Cell 27
2.13 Functions of the Golgi Apparatus 41
3
Tissues and Early Embryology 49
4 2.17 Mitosis 45
The Integumentary System
The Integumentary System 86
The Skeletal System 5 3.10 Mechanisms of Glandular Secretion 60
Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure 109
6
Axial Division 133 5.6 Intramembranous Ossification 117
7
Appendicular Division 176
5.7 Endochondral Ossification 118
8
Articulations 207
9 8.2 Joint Motion 212
The Muscular System Skeletal Muscle Tissue and Muscle Organization 239
10
Axial Musculature 263 9.7 Sliding Filament Theory 248
11
Appendicular Musculature 288 9.13 Levers and Pulleys 258
12
Surface Anatomy and Cross-Sectional Anatomy Surface Anatomy and Cross-Sectional Anatomy 331
11.2 Factors Affecting Appendicular Muscle Function 290
13
The Nervous System Neural Tissue 344
14 13.9 Myelination 352
The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves 366
15
Sensory and Motor Tracts of the Spinal Cord 393 14.9 The Cervical and Brachial Plexuses 376
16
The Brain and Cranial Nerves 409 14.11 The Lumbar and Sacral Plexuses 382
17
Autonomic Nervous System 457
15.2 Organization of Spinal Cord Tracts 396
18
General and Special Senses 477
19 17.1 An Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System 460
The Endocrine System The Endocrine System 512
20
The Cardiovascular System Blood 534 19.2 Neuroendocrine Integration: The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 516
21
The Heart 551 21.11 The Conducting System and the Cardiac Cycle 566
22
Vessels and Circulation 575
22.1 The Structure of Blood Vessels 578
23
The Lymphatic System The Lymphatic System 611
24 23.6 Lymphocyte Formation and Immunity 618
The Respiratory System The Respiratory System 632
25
The Digestive System The Digestive System 658 24.16 Respiratory Muscles and Pulmonary Ventilation 652
26
The Urinary System The Urinary System 695 25.10 Anatomy of the Stomach 672
27
The Reproductive System The Reproductive System 715
28 26.9 The Renal Corpuscle 704
Embryology and Human Development 747
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HUMAN ANATOMY
Eighth Edition
Frederic H. Martini, PH.d.
University of Hawaii at Manoa
MicHael J. tiMMons, M.s.
Moraine Valley Community College
robert b. tallitscH, PH.d.
Augustana College, Rock Island, IL
with
William C. Ober, M.D.
Art Coordinator and Illustrator
Claire E. Ober, R.N.
Illustrator
Kathleen Welch, M.D.
Clinical Consultant
Ralph T. Hutchings
Biomedical Photographer
Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River
Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto
Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
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Title: Human Anatomy / 8e Server: Short / Normal / Long Publishing Services
Executive Editor: Leslie Berriman
Project Editor: Nicole George-O’Brien
Assistant Editor: Cady Owens
Director of Development: Barbara Yien
Managing Editor: Mike Early
Assistant Managing Editor: Nancy Tabor
Project Manager: Caroline Ayres
Director of Digital Product Development: Lauren Fogel
Executive Content Producer: Liz Winer
Senior Content Producer: Aimee Pavy
Associate Content Producer: Julia Akpan
Production Management and Composition: S4Carlisle Publishing Services, Inc.
Copyeditor: Michael Rossa
Art Coordinator: Kristina Seymour
Design Manager: Marilyn Perry
Interior Designer: Gibson Design Associates
Cover Designer: Marilyn Perry
Contributing Illustrators: imagineeringart.com;
Anita Impagliazzo
Photo Researcher: Maureen Spuhler
Senior Procurement Specialist: Stacey Weinberger
Senior Anatomy & Physiology Specialist: Derek Perrigo
Senior Marketing Manager: Allison Rona
Cover Illustration Credit: Bryan Christie
Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in
this textbook appear on the appropriate page within the text or on page 835.
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009, 2006 by Frederic H. Martini, Inc., Michael J. Timmons, and Robert B.
Tallitsch. Published by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected
by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited
reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this
work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, 1900 E.
Lake Ave., Glenview, IL 60025. For information regarding permissions, call [phone].
Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed
as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a
trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps.
MasteringA&P®, Practice Anatomy Lab™ (PAL™), and A&P Flix™ are trademarks, in the United States
and/or other countries, of Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Martini, Frederic.
Human anatomy / Frederic H. Martini, Ph.D., University of Hawaii at Manoa, Michael J.
Timmons, M.S., Moraine Valley Community College, Robert B. Tallitsch, Ph.D., Augustana College;
with William C. Ober, M.D., art coordinator and illustrator, Claire E. Ober, R.N., illustrator, Kathleen
Welch, M.D.; clinical consultant, Ralph T. Hutchings, biomedical photographer.—Eighth edition.
pages cm.
ISBN-13: 978-0-321-88332-2
ISBN-10: 0-321-88332-2
1. Human anatomy. 2. Human anatomy—Atlases.
I. Timmons, Michael J. II. Tallitsch, Robert B. III. Title.
QM23.2.M356 2015
611—dc23 2013036907
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10—DOW— 17 16 15 14 13
ISBN 10: 0-321-88332-2 (Student edition)
ISBN 13: 978-0-321-88332-2 (Student edition)
ISBN 10: 0-321-90913-5 (Exam copy)
ISBN 13: 978-0-321-90913-8 (Exam copy)
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text and illustration team
Frederic (Ric) Martini Michael J. Timmons Robert B. Tallitsch
Author Author Author
Dr. Martini received his Ph.D. from Cornell Michael J. Timmons received his degrees Dr. Tallitsch received his Ph.D. in physiology
University in comparative and functional from Loyola University, Chicago. For more with an anatomy minor from the University
anatomy for work on the pathophysiology than three decades he has taught anatomy to of Wisconsin–Madison at the ripe old age
of stress. In addition to professional nursing, EMT, and pre-professional students of 24. Dr. Tallitsch has been on the biology
publications that include journal articles at Moraine Valley Community College. faculty at Augustana College (Illinois)
and contributed chapters, technical reports, He was honored with the Professor of the since 1975. His teaching responsibilities
and magazine articles, he is the lead author Year Award by MVCC and the Excellence include Human Anatomy, Neuroanatomy,
of ten undergraduate texts on anatomy Award from the National Institute for Staff Histology, and Cadaver Dissection. He is
and physiology or anatomy. Dr. Martini is and Organizational Development for his also a member of the Asian Studies faculty
currently affiliated with the University of outstanding contributions to teaching, at Augustana College, teaching a course in
Hawaii at Manoa and has a long-standing leadership, and student learning. He is the Traditional Chinese Medicine. Dr. Tallitsch
bond with the Shoals Marine Laboratory, recipient of the Excellence in Teaching has been designated numerous times as
a joint venture between Cornell University Award by the Illinois Community College one of the “unofficial teachers of the year”
and the University of New Hampshire. He Board of Trustees. Professor Timmons, by the graduating seniors at Augustana.
has been active in the Human Anatomy a member of the American Association Dr. Tallitsch is a member of the American
and Physiology Society (HAPS) for 20 years of Anatomists, has authored several Physiological Society (APS); American
and was a member of the committee that anatomy and physiology lab manuals and Association of Anatomists, where he serves
established the course curriculum guidelines dissection guides. His areas of interest as a Career Development Mentor; American
for A&P. He is now a President Emeritus include biomedical photography, crafting Association of Clinical Anatomists, where
of HAPS after serving as President- illustration programs, and developing he is a member of the Educational Affairs
Elect, President, and Past-President over instructional technology learning systems. Committee; and the Human Anatomy
2005–2007. Dr. Martini is also a member He chaired the Midwest Regional Human and Physiology Society. In addition to
of the American Physiological Society, the Anatomy and Physiology Conference and his teaching responsibilities at Augustana
American Association of Anatomists, the is also a national and regional presenter at College, Dr. Tallitsch has served as a visiting
Society for Integrative and Comparative the League for Innovation Conferences on faculty member at the Beijing University
Biology, the Australia/New Zealand Information Technology for Colleges and of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacology
Association of Clinical Anatomists, the Universities and at Human Anatomy and (Beijing, PRC), the Foreign Languages
Hawaii Academy of Science, the American Physiology Society meetings. Faculty at Central China Normal University
Association for the Advancement of Science, (Wuhan, PRC), and in the Biology
and the International Society of Vertebrate Department at Central China Normal
Morphologists. University (Wuhan, PRC).
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iivv TTeexxtt aanndd IIlllluussttrraattiioonn TTeeaamm
William C. Ober apprenticeship, she has worked as Dr. Ober’s Ralph T. Hutchings
Art Coordinator and Illustrator partner in Medical & Scientific Illustration Biomedical Photographer
since 1986. She was on the Core Faculty at
Dr. Ober received Mr. Hutchings
Shoals Marine Laboratory and co-taught the
his undergraduate was associated
Biological Illustration course with Dr. Ober
degree from with The Royal
for 24 years. The textbooks illustrated by
Washington and College of
Medical & Scientific Illustration have won
Lee University Surgeons of
numerous design and illustration awards.
and his M.D. from England for
the University of Kathleen Welch 20 years. An
Virginia. He also engineer by
Clinical Consultant
studied in the training, he
Dr. Welch received
Department of has focused for
her B.A. from
Art as Applied to Medicine at Johns Hopkins years on photographing the structure of the
the University
University. After graduation, Dr. Ober human body. The result has been a series
of Wisconsin–
completed a residency in Family Practice of color atlases, including the Color Atlas of
Madison, her
and later was on the faculty at the University Human Anatomy, the Color Atlas of Surface
M.D. from the
of Virginia in the Department of Family Anatomy, and The Human Skeleton (all
University of
Medicine and in the Department of Sports published by Mosby-Yearbook Publishing).
Washington in
Medicine. He also served as Chief of Medicine For his anatomical portrayal of the human
Seattle, and did
of Martha Jefferson Hospital in Charlottesville, body, the International Photographers
her residency in
VA. He is currently a Visiting Professor of Association has chosen Mr. Hutchings
Family Practice at the University of North
Biology at Washington and Lee University, as the best photographer of humans in
Carolina in Chapel Hill. Participating in the
where he has taught several courses and led the twentieth century. He lives in North
Seattle WWAMI rural medical education
student trips to the Galapagos Islands. He London, where he tries to balance the
program, she studied in Fairbanks,
was on the Core Faculty at Shoals Marine demands of his photographic assignments
Anchorage, and Juneau, Alaska, with time
Laboratory for 22 years, where he taught with his hobbies of early motor cars and
in Boise, Idaho, and Anacortes, Washington,
Biological Illustration every summer. Dr. Ober airplanes.
as well. For two years, she served as Director
has collaborated with Dr. Martini on all of his
of Maternal and Child Health at the LBJ
textbooks in every edition.
Tropical Medical Center in American Samoa
Claire E. Ober and subsequently was a member of the
Illustrator Department of Family Practice at the Kaiser
Permanente Clinic in Lahaina, Hawaii, and
Claire E. Ober,
on the staff at Maui Memorial Hospital.
R.N., B.A.,
She has been in private practice since 1987
practiced family,
and is licensed to practice in Hawaii and
pediatric, and
Washington State. Dr. Welch is a Fellow of the
obstetric nursing
American Academy of Family Practice and a
before turning
member of the Maui County Medical Society
to medical
and the Human Anatomy and Physiology
illustration as a
Society (HAPS). With Dr. Martini, she has
full-time career.
coauthored both a textbook on anatomy
She returned to
and physiology and the A&P Applications
school at Mary Baldwin College, where
Manual. She and Dr. Martini were married in
she received her degree with distinction
1979, and they have one son.
in studio art. Following a five-year
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Preface
In this eighth edition of Human Anatomy, we have made a highly visual book even more visual in
an effort to support student understanding of the intricacies of the human body. The new visuals are
especially apparent in the new Spotlight Figures. Student learning is further supported by new highly
visual and interactive activities in MasteringA&P®, the online homework, tutorial, and assessment
system.
New to the Eighth Edition
To build on the strengths of previous editions while meeting the needs of today’s students, the author
team and the publisher conducted student focus groups and gathered input from numerous instructors
who teach the human anatomy course. The changes presented below reflect advancements resulting
from the invaluable input of students and instructors.
• NEW Spotlight Figures are one- and two-page presentations that seamlessly integrate text and visuals to
guide students through complex topics. With the explanations built directly into the illustrations, students
can find everything they need to understand a topic in one place—with no page flipping. Students study the
Spotlight Figures in the book, and then instructors can assign them in MasteringA&P. The 22 new Spotlight
Figures are listed on the inside front cover of this book.
• NEW QR Codes in the chapters on the skeletal and muscular systems let students use their smartphones
to link directly from figures in the book to figures in the Practice Anatomy Lab™ (PAL™) virtual anatomy
program, giving students additional views to help them learn bones (Chapters 6 and 7) and muscles
(Chapters 10 and 11).
• NEW Learning Outcomes on each chapter-opening page indicate to students what they should be able
to do after studying the chapter. These Learning Outcomes are coordinated by number to the main
chapter headings, creating a predictable one-to-one correspondence and allowing students to check their
understanding by both Learning Outcomes and chapter topics. The Learning Outcomes correlate with
the Concept Check questions that close out each main section and ask students to pause and check their
understanding before moving to the next section. (The answers are at the back of the book.) Additionally,
the assessments in MasteringA&P are organized by these Learning Outcomes, allowing instructors to assign
homework, assess understanding, and demonstrate teaching results by Learning Outcomes.
• NEW Visual Study Outlines at the end of each chapter have memory-triggering visuals to help students
remember chapter content.
• NEW MasteringA&P activities include the following:
• NEW Spotlight Figure Coaching Activities are highly visual, assignable activities designed to bring
interactivity to the one- and two-page Spotlight Figure presentations in the book. Multi-part activities
include the ranking and sorting types that ask students to manipulate the visuals.
• NEW Dynamic Study Modules help students acquire, retain, and recall information faster and more
effectively than before. The modules are available as a self-study tool or can be assigned by the instructor.
They can be easily accessed with smartphones.
• NEW Bone Videos (29 total) and Dissection Videos (16 total) Coaching Activities with hints and
specific wrong answer feedback help students preview or review for lab exercises involving bone and
dissection identification.
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vi Preface
Chapter-by-Chapter Revisions
Specific chapter-by-chapter revisions include:
1 6
Foundations: An Introduction to Anatomy The Skeletal System: Axial Division
• Eight new or significantly revised illustrations were added. • Three new or significantly revised illustrations were added.
• Presentation of the material throughout the chapter was revised to • Seventeen QR codes linking to related Practice Anatomy Lab (PAL)
better facilitate student learning and comprehension. human cadaver images were added to figures throughout the chapter.
• Chapter material was revised for easier comprehension and to better
2
Foundations: The Cell facilitate student learning.
• Three new Spotlight Figures were added. 7
The Skeletal System: Appendicular Division
• The Hot Topics feature was updated with new research information.
• Ten new or significantly revised illustrations were added. • Five illustrations are either new or have been significantly revised.
• The presentation of material throughout the chapter was revised to • Eight QR codes linking to related Practice Anatomy Lab (PAL)
better facilitate student learning and comprehension. human cadaver images were added to figures throughout the chapter.
• New material was added, and existing material has been clarified to
3
better facilitate student learning.
Foundations: Tissues and Early Embryology
8
• One new Spotlight Figure was added.
The Skeletal System: Articulations
• The Hot Topics feature was updated with new research information.
• One new Spotlight Figure was added.
• Ten new or significantly revised illustrations were added.
• Three illustrations are either new or have been significantly revised.
• Changes were made in terminology according to the Terminologia
Anatomica (TA) and Terminologia Histologica (TH). • New material was added and existing material clarified for better
student comprehension.
• The presentation order of some material was rearranged in order to
facilitate student learning.
9
• New material was added to update the chapter according to current The Muscular System: Skeletal Muscle Tissue and
histological research. Muscle Organization
4 • Two new Spotlight Figures were added.
The Integumentary System
• Eleven illustrations are either new or have been significantly revised.
• Eight new or significantly revised illustrations were added. • Material within the chapter was revised to better facilitate student
• The Hot Topics feature was updated with new research information. comprehension and learning.
• Changes were made in terminology according to the TA and TH. 10
The Muscular System: Axial Musculature
• Existing chapter material was revised for easier comprehension and
to better facilitate student learning.
• Eleven illustrations are either new or have been significantly revised.
5 • Four QR codes linking to related Practice Anatomy Lab (PAL)
The Skeletal System: Osseous Tissue and Skeletal human cadaver images were added to figures throughout the chapter.
Structure
• The Hot Topics feature was updated with new research information.
• Two new Spotlight Figures were added. • The presentation of all the material within this chapter was revised
and reorganized to better facilitate student comprehension and
• The Hot Topics feature was updated with new research information.
learning.
• Four new or significantly revised illustrations were added.
• New material was added to the discussion of bone remodeling and
repair, and the existing material was revised for easier reading and
comprehension.
• New material was added to the discussion of the cells of bone to
match current histological terminology and research.
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Preface vii
11 16
The Muscular System: Appendicular Musculature The Nervous System: The Brain and Cranial Nerves
• One new Spotlight Figure was added. • Eleven illustrations are either new or have been significantly revised.
• Eighteen QR codes linking to related Practice Anatomy Lab (PAL) • The Hot Topics feature was updated with new research information.
human cadaver images were added to figures throughout the chapter.
17
• Three QR codes linking to related A&P Flix animations were added The Nervous System: Autonomic Nervous System
to the Spotlight Figure 11.2.
• One new Spotlight Figure was added.
• Twenty-six illustrations are either new or have been significantly
• Eight illustrations are either new or have been significantly revised.
revised.
• All sections of this chapter were revised, either partially or totally, to
• The presentation of all the material within this chapter was revised
better facilitate student comprehension.
and reorganized to better facilitate student comprehension and
learning. 18
The Nervous System: General and Special Senses
12
Surface Anatomy and Cross-Sectional Anatomy • Fifteen illustrations are either new or have been significantly revised.
• The Hot Topics feature was updated with new research information.
• Four illustrations are either new or have been significantly revised.
• All sections of this chapter were revised, either partially or totally, to
• Clinically relevant material was added to the Surface Anatomy
better facilitate student comprehension.
illustrations throughout the chapter.
19
13
The Endocrine System
The Nervous System: Neural Tissue
• One new Spotlight Figure has been added.
• One new Spotlight Figure was added.
• The Hot Topics feature was updated with new research information.
• The Hot Topics feature was updated with new research information.
• Five illustrations are either new or have been significantly revised.
• Nine illustrations are either new or have been significantly revised.
• All sections of this chapter were revised, either partially or totally, to
• The sections entitled “Neuroglia of the CNS” and “Synaptic
better facilitate student comprehension.
Communication” were updated in order to match current research
findings in the field. 20
The Cardiovascular System: Blood
14
The Nervous System: The Spinal Cord and Spinal • Three illustrations are either new or have been significantly revised.
Nerves • All sections of this chapter were updated in order to match current
research findings in the field.
• Two new Spotlight Figures were added.
• Nine illustrations are either new or have been significantly revised. 21
The Cardiovascular System: The Heart
• The discussion of the sectional anatomy of the spinal cord was
expanded, with particular emphasis on the revision of the section on • One new Spotlight Figure was added.
“Organization of the Gray Matter.” • The Hot Topics feature was updated with new research information.
• The section on “Spinal Nerves” has been rewritten in order to • Four illustrations are either new or have been significantly revised.
facilitate student learning and comprehension.
• New material dealing with the histology of cardiac muscle has been
rewritten in order to reflect new research findings.
15
The Nervous System: Sensory and Motor Tracts • The section discussing the anatomy of the mediastinum and
of the Spinal Cord pericardial sac was revised in order to better facilitate student
comprehension.
• One new Spotlight Figure was added.
22
• The Hot Topics feature was updated with new research
The Cardiovascular System: Vessels and Circulation
information.
• Five illustrations are either new or have been significantly revised. • One new Spotlight Figure was added.
• All sections of this chapter were revised, either partially or totally, to • A new Clinical Note on Repair of an Aortic Aneurysm was added.
better facilitate student comprehension. • Seven illustrations are either new or have been significantly revised.
• At the request of reviewers, a section dealing with Higher-Order • All sections of this chapter were revised, either partially or totally, in
Functions has been added to the chapter. order to better facilitate student comprehension.
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