Human Nutrition (Cliffs Quick Review)

188 Pages·1997·27.963 MB·English

by  Bernard A. Marcus

Cliffs Quick Review
Human Nutritio n
by
Bernard A. Marcus, Ph.D.

Cliffs Quick Review
Human Nutritio n
by
Bernard A. Marcus, Ph.D.
Cliffs Quick Review Human Nutrition
TheCliffsNotes logo, the names "Cliffs, " "CliffsNotes," and
"Cliffs Quick Reviews," and the black and yellow diagona l
stripe cover design are all registered trademarks belonging t o
Cliffs Notes, Inc., and may not be used in whole or in par t
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Acknowledgments
I'm grateful to Dr. Michael Myers and Kathleen Border, R.D.,
for their help on some technical items. I wish to thank my editor,
Michele Spence, for the time and effort she put into this work and fo r
her patience with me. Thanks also to my reader, Maureen Leupold,
and to my editor as well, for keeping me accurate.
Cover photograph by Tony Craddock/Tony Stone Image s
FIRST EDITION
C Copyright 1997 by ClamsNotes, Inc.
AllRights Reserved
Printed in U.S.A.
ISBN 0-8220-5330-6
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 1
Some History 2
Types ofFoods 3
Nutrient Needs 4
Minimum Daily Requirements (MDRs) 4
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) 4
Diversity ofneed 5
Energy RDA 6
Food Labels 7
Food Groups 10
The Food Guide Pyramid 11
Exchange Lists 12
Food Safety 13
Special Diets 14
BASIC CHEMISTRY 15
Matter and Energy 15
Elements and Compounds 15
Elements 15
Compounds 16
Chemical Nutrients 19
Organic nutrients 19
Inorganic nutrients 21
Alcohol 22
THE CELL 23
Cell Structure 23
Movement through the Plasma Membrane 23
The Nucleus 25
Cytoplasm, Mitochondria, and the Ultimate Breakdown of
Food 25
Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis 26
Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis 27
CONTENTS
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 29
The Digestive Process 29
The Alimentary Canal 29
The mouth and teeth 29
The throat and esophagus 32
The stomach 33
The small intestine 33
The large intestine 36
The Associated Organs 36
The salivary glands 36
The liver 37
The pancreas 37
Digestive Disorders 37
Dental caries 38
Ulcers 38
Gastritis 38
Diverticulitis 38
Hepatitis 39
Gallbladder disease 39
Cancer 39
OTHER BODY SYSTEMS 41
The Circulatory System 41
Blood 41
The heart 42
The blood vessels 42
The Lymphatic System 43
The Excretory System 44
The Nervous System 45
Nerves and nerve tissue 45
The central nervous system 46
The peripheral nervous system 46
The Endocrine System 47
The Integumentary System 49
The Muscular System 50
CONTENTS
The Skeletal System 50
The Reproductive System 51
CARBOHYDRATES(cid:9) 53
Monosaccharides: The Simple Sugars 53
Disaccharides 55
Sucrose 55
Lactose 56
Maltose 57
Polysaccharides 59
Glycogen 59
Starch 59
Fiber 60
Digestion and Regulation ofCarbohydrates 61
GettingEnergy from Sugar 62
Glycolysis 62
The Krebs cycle 63
Electron transport 63
Problems with Sugar 63
Diabetes 63
Hypoglycemia 65
Tooth decay 66
Obesity 66
Behavior 67
Sugar Substitutes 67
Polyols (sugar alcohols) 67
Aspartame 67
Saccharin 68
LIPIDS(cid:9) 69
Fats 69
Glycerides 69
Phospholipids 71
Functions of Fat 72
Dietary Sources of Fat 73
CONTENTS
The Body's Handling of Fat(cid:9) 74
The digestion and absorption of fat(cid:9) 74
The body's use of fat(cid:9) 75
Essential fatty acids(cid:9) 75
Preservation of Fats(cid:9) 77
Sealing and refrigeration(cid:9) 77
Preservatives(cid:9) 77
Hydrogenation(cid:9) 78
Emulsification(cid:9) 79
Sterols(cid:9) 80
Problems with Fats and Cholesterol(cid:9) 81
Obesity(cid:9) 81
Gallbladder disease(cid:9) 82
Heart disease and cholesterol(cid:9) 83
Fat Substitutes(cid:9) 85
Olestra(cid:9) 85
Simplesse(cid:9) 86
Z-trim(cid:9) 86
PROTEINS(cid:9) 87
Protein Structure(cid:9) 90
Primary structure(cid:9) 90
Secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures(cid:9) 92
Denaturation(cid:9) 92
Protein Use(cid:9) 93
Tissue growth and maintenance(cid:9) 93
Enzymes(cid:9) 93
Hormones(cid:9) 94
Antibodies(cid:9) 94
Fluid and electrolyte balance(cid:9) 94
Blood acid/base balance(cid:9) 95
Calories(cid:9) 96
Dealing with Protein(cid:9) 97
Quality and sources ofdietary protein(cid:9) 97
Protein digestion(cid:9) 98
Protein requirements(cid:9) 99
CONTENTS
Protein excess 99
Protein inadequacies 100
Metabolic Problems with Protein 102
Allergies 102
Phenylketonuria 102
VITAMINS 105
The Fat-Soluble Vitamins 106
Vitamin A 107
Vitamin D 108
Vitamin E 109
Vitamin K 110
The Water-Soluble Vitamins 111
Vitamin C 111
The vitamin B complex 113
THE INORGANIC NUTRIENTS: MINERALS AND
WATER 119
The Major Minerals 119
Calcium 119
Phosphorus 122
Potassium 122
Sulfur 123
Sodium 123
Chloride 124
Magnesium 125
Trace Minerals 125
Zinc 126
Iron 126
Iodine 128
Selenium 129
Boron 129
Chromium 129
Cobalt 130
Copper 130