Table Of Content

AlexieiDingli KnowledgeAnnotation:MakingImplicitKnowledgeExplicit IntelligentSystemsReferenceLibrary,Volume16 Editors-in-Chief Prof.JanuszKacprzyk Prof.LakhmiC.Jain SystemsResearchInstitute UniversityofSouthAustralia PolishAcademyofSciences Adelaide ul.Newelska6 MawsonLakesCampus 01-447Warsaw SouthAustralia5095 Poland Australia E-mail:[email protected] E-mail:[email protected] Furthervolumesofthisseriescanbefoundonour homepage:springer.com Vol.1.ChristineL.MumfordandLakhmiC.Jain(Eds.) Vol.11.SamuliNiiranenandAndreRibeiro(Eds.) ComputationalIntelligence:Collaboration,Fusion InformationProcessingandBiologicalSystems,2011 andEmergence,2009 ISBN978-3-642-19620-1 ISBN978-3-642-01798-8 Vol.12.FlorinGorunescu Vol.2.YuehuiChenandAjithAbraham DataMining,2011 Tree-StructureBasedHybrid ISBN978-3-642-19720-8 ComputationalIntelligence,2009 ISBN978-3-642-04738-1 Vol.13.WitoldPedryczandShyi-MingChen(Eds.) GranularComputingandIntelligentSystems,2011 Vol.3.AnthonyFinnandSteveScheding ISBN978-3-642-19819-9 DevelopmentsandChallengesfor AutonomousUnmannedVehicles,2010 Vol.14.GeorgeA.AnastassiouandOktayDuman ISBN978-3-642-10703-0 TowardsIntelligentModeling:StatisticalApproximation Theory,2011 Vol.4.LakhmiC.JainandCheePengLim(Eds.) ISBN978-3-642-19825-0 HandbookonDecisionMaking:Techniques andApplications,2010 Vol.15.AntoninoFrenoandEdmondoTrentin ISBN978-3-642-13638-2 HybridRandomFields,2011 ISBN978-3-642-20307-7 Vol.5.GeorgeA.Anastassiou IntelligentMathematics:ComputationalAnalysis,2010 Vol.16.AlexieiDingli ISBN978-3-642-17097-3 KnowledgeAnnotation:MakingImplicitKnowledge Explicit,2011 Vol.6.LudmilaDymowa ISBN978-3-642-20322-0 SoftComputinginEconomicsandFinance,2011 ISBN978-3-642-17718-7 Vol.7.GerasimosG.Rigatos ModellingandControlforIntelligentIndustrialSystems, 2011 ISBN978-3-642-17874-0 Vol.8.EdwardH.Y.Lim,JamesN.K.Liu,and RaymondS.T.Lee KnowledgeSeeker–OntologyModellingforInformation SearchandManagement,2011 ISBN978-3-642-17915-0 Vol.9.MenahemFriedmanandAbrahamKandel CalculusLight,2011 ISBN978-3-642-17847-4 Vol.10.AndreasTolkandLakhmiC.Jain Intelligence-BasedSystemsEngineering,2011 ISBN978-3-642-17930-3 Alexiei Dingli Knowledge Annotation: Making Implicit Knowledge Explicit 123 Dr.AlexieiDingli DepartmentofIntelligentComputerSystems, FacultyofInformationandCommunicationTechnology, UniversityofMalta, MsidaMSD2080 Malta E-mail:[email protected] ISBN 978-3-642-20322-0 e-ISBN978-3-642-20323-7 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-20323-7 Intelligent SystemsReference Library ISSN1868-4394 Library of Congress Control Number:2011925692 (cid:2)c 2011 Springer-VerlagBerlin Heidelberg This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or partofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always beobtainedfrom Springer.Violations areliable toprosecution underthe German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuch namesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandtherefore free for general use. Typeset&CoverDesign:ScientificPublishing ServicesPvt. Ltd., Chennai, India. Printed on acid-free paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com Iwouldliketo dedicatethisbookto mydear childrenBenand Jake, mywifeAnna,our parentsandtherest ofourfamily.Iwould liketothankGod forbeingtherewhen things went wrongandfor openingnewdoorswhen Ifoundclosedones. Preface Ifwewanttocreatethewebofthefuture,anabsolutemustistoaddresstheissues centredaroundcreatingandharvestingannotations.Inessence,thisfuturewebisnot a parallel web but rather a metamorphosisof the existing web. Basically, it needs to tackle two main issues, the first is to have rich websites designed for human consumptionandsimultaneously,italsoneedstoofferarepresentationofthesame contentwhichcanbedigestedbysoftwareprograms. Unfortunately,we feel that the literature which exists on this subject is limited and fragmented. Now that the study of the web has been consolidated in a field knownasWebScienceweneedtoreorganiseourthoughtsinordertomoveforward tothenextphase.Propertiesofthewebsuchasredundancy,willgainmoreandmore importanceinthecomingyearssoitisimperativetomakepeopleawareaboutthem inordertohelpthemcreatenewtechniquesaimedatexploitingthem. Insynthesis,ouraimbehindthisdocumentistointerestageneralaudience.Un- fortunately, since few people are yet aware of the science behind the web and its problems,moreexpositoryinformationisrequired.Sofar,thewebhasbeenlikea hugeelephantwherepeoplefromdifferentdisciplineslookatitfromdifferentper- spectivesandreachvariedconclusions.Untilpeopleunderstandwhatthewebisall aboutanditsgroundinginannotation,peoplecannotstartappreciatingitanduntil theydoso,theycannotstartcreatingthewebofthefuture. January2011 Valletta,Malta AlexieiDingli Acknowledgements Itwouldbeincrediblydifficulttolisthereallthepeoplethathelpedmethroughout thesepastmonthstocompletethiswork,soIwouldliketothankallthosewhomade this piece of work possible. Those who had to bear with my temperswhen things seemed impossible to achieve. Those who were next to me when the weather got cold andtypingon the keyboardbecamean incrediblefeat. In particularI wanted to thank Professor Yorick Wilks, an icon in the field of Artificial Intelligence;the person who believed in me and who gave me the opportunity to become what I amtoday.Mysupervisor,mycolleague,myfriendandtosomeextentmyextended family.Icanneverthankhimenoughforhisunfailingsupport.Finally,Ijustwanted tosayabigthankyoutoeveryonewhomadethisdocumentpossible,asmallstep towardstherealisationofmydream.

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Did you ever read something on a book, felt the need to comment, took up a pencil and scribbled something on the books’ text’? If you did, you just annotated a book. But that process has now become something fundamental and revolutionary in these days of computing. Annotation is all about adding
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Did you ever read something on a book, felt the need to comment, took up a pencil and scribbled something on the books’ text’? If you did, you just annotated a book. But that process has now become something fundamental and revolutionary in these days of computing. Annotation is all about adding

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