Table Of ContentPhotosynthesis, Productivity, and Environmental Stress
Photosynthesis, Productivity, and
Environmental Stress
Edited by
Parvaiz Ahmad
Department of Botany and Microbiology,
King Saud University, Riyadh,
Saudi Arabia
and
Department of Botany, S. P. College, Srinagar,
Jammu and Kashmir,
India.
Mohammad Abass Ahanger
College of Life Science, NorthWest A & F University,
Yangling Shaanxi,
China.
Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni
Department of Botany and Microbiology,
King Saud University, Riyadh,
Saudi Arabia.
Pravej Alam
Department of Biology, Prince Sattam bin Abdul Aziz University,
Alkharaj, Riyadh,
Saudi Arabia.
This edition first published 2020
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data
Names: Ahmad, Parvaiz, editor. | Ahanger, Mohammad Abass, editor. |
Alyemeni, Mohammed Nasser, editor. | Alam, Pravej, editor.
Title: Photosynthesis, productivity, and environmental stress / edited by
Parvaiz Ahmad, Mohammad Abass Ahanger, Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni, Pravej
Alam.
Description: First edition. | Hoboken : Wiley, 2019. | Includes index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019024513 (print) | LCCN 2019024514 (ebook) | ISBN
9781119501770 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119501831 (adobe pdf) | ISBN
9781119501824 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Photosynthesis–Research. | Plants–Effect of stress
on–Research.
Classification: LCC QK882 .P385 2019 (print) | LCC QK882 (ebook) | DDC
572/.46072–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019024513
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019024514
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Image: © Matteo Senesi/Getty Images
Set in 10/12pt WarnockPro by SPi Global, Chennai, India
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
v
Contents
List of Contributors xiii
Preface xvii
About the Editors xxi
1 Effects of Organic Pollutants on Photosynthesis 1
Rupal Singh Tomar, Bhupendra Singh, and Anjana Jajoo
1.1 Introduction to Organic Pollutants 1
1.2 Characteristics of the Organic Pollutants 3
1.3 Sources of Organic Pollutants 3
1.4 Uptake and Accumulation of Organic Pollutants in Plants 4
1.5 Effects of Organic Pollutants on Plant Growth 5
1.6 Effects of Organic Pollutants on Photosynthesis 7
1.6.1 Effects of Pesticides on the Light Reactions 7
1.6.2 Effects of Pesticides on the Dark Reactions 9
1.6.3 Effects of Antibiotics on the Light Reactions 11
1.6.4 Effects of Antibiotics on the Dark Reactions 13
1.6.5 Effects of Bisphenol A on the Light Reactions 13
1.6.6 Effects of Bisphenol A on the Dark Reactions 14
1.6.7 Effects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on the Light Reactions 14
1.6.8 Effects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on the Dark Reactions 16
1.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects 17
References 18
2 Cold Stress and Photosynthesis 27
Aditya Banerjee and Aryadeep Roychoudhury
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Primary Targets of Cold Stress in Plants 27
2.3 Cold Stress Distorts the Chloroplast Membrane Integrity 28
2.4 Cold Stress Damages the Photosynthetic Apparatus 28
2.5 Cold Stress Affects Carbon Dioxide (CO ) Fixation 31
2
2.6 Strategies to Ameliorate Cold Stress and Improve Photosynthesis 32
2.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 33
Acknowledgements 33
References 33
vi Contents
3 High‐Temperature Stress and Photosynthesis Under Pathological Impact 39
Murat Dikilitas, Eray Simsek, Sema Karakas, and Parvaiz Ahmad
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 High‐Temperature Stress on Crop Plants 41
3.3 High‐Temperature Stress on Photosynthesis Mechanisms 43
3.4 Impact of Pathogens on Photosynthesis Mechanisms Under
Temperature Stress 45
3.5 Genomic, Biochemical, and Physiological Approaches for Crop Plants
Under Temperature and Pathogenic Stresses 51
3.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects 55
References 55
4 Effect of Light Intensity on Photosynthesis 65
Rinukshi Wimalasekera
4.1 Introduction 65
4.2 Characteristics of Light 66
4.2.1 Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) 66
4.3 Light Absorption and Pigments 67
4.3.1 Dissipation of Excess Light Energy 67
4.3.2 Photoinhibition 68
4.4 Light Absorption by Leaves 68
4.4.1 Light Absorption and the Anatomy, Morphology, and Biochemical
Characteristics of Leaves 68
4.4.2 Light‐Mediated Leaf Movement 69
4.4.3 Light Absorption by Sun and Shade Adapted Leaves 69
4.5 Light and Photosynthetic Responses 70
4.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 70
References 71
5 Regulation of Water Status, Chlorophyll Content, Sugar, and Photosynthesis
in Maize Under Salinity by Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria 75
Yachana Jha
5.1 Introduction 75
5.2 Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria 76
5.3 Isolation and Identification of Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria 77
5.4 Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria Maintain the Photosynthetic Efficiency
of Maize Under Salinity 78
5.5 Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria Maintain the Photosynthetic Efficiency
of Plants by Regulating Chlorophyll Content 79
5.6 Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria Maintain the Photosynthetic Efficiency
of Plants by Regulating Relative Water Content 80
5.7 Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria Maintain the Photosynthetic Efficiency
of Plants by Regulating Stomatal Behavior 82
5.8 Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria Maintain Photosynthesis to Regulate Soluble
Sugar by Altering Vascular Tissue 83
5.9 Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria Maintain the Photosynthetic Efficiency
of Plants by Accumulating Various Osmoprotectants 84
Contents vii
5.10 Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria Maintain the Photosynthetic Efficiency
of Plants by Regulating Sugar Biosynthesis 87
5.11 Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria Maintain the Photosynthetic Efficiency
of Plants by Reducing Ethylene Biosynthesis 88
5.12 Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria Maintain the Photosynthetic Efficiency
of Plants by Inducing Various Signaling Molecule 89
5.13 Conclusion 90
References 90
6 Regulation of Photosynthesis Under Metal Stress 95
Mumtaz Khan, Neeha Nawaz, Ifthekhar Ali, Muhammad Azam, Muhammad Rizwan,
Parvaiz Ahmad, and Shafaqat Ali
6.1 Introduction 95
6.2 Effects of Metals on Photosynthesis 96
6.2.1 Reduction in CO Stomatal Conductance and Mesophyll
2
Transport 96
6.2.2 Inhibition of Biosynthesis of Photosynthetic Pigments 97
6.2.3 Changes in Leaf Morphology and Chloroplast Ultrastructure 97
6.2.4 Induction of Reactive Oxygen Species 98
6.2.5 Metal‐Induced Hormonal Changes 98
6.2.6 Alterations in Photosynthetic Enzymes 99
6.3 Mechanisms of Photosynthesis Regulation under
Metal Stress 99
6.3.1 Cell Signaling and Growth Hormones 99
6.3.2 Avoiding and Scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species 100
6.3.3 Interconversion of Chlorophylls 101
6.3.4 Role of Alleviatory Agents in Photosynthesis Regulation 101
6.3.5 Photosynthesis Regulation Through Overexpression of Genes 102
6.4 Conclusions 102
References 102
7 Heavy Metals and Photosynthesis: Recent Developments 107
Zahra Souri, Amanda A. Cardoso, Cristiane J. da‐Silva, Letúzia M. de Oliveira,
Biswanath Dari, Debjani Sihi, and Naser Karimi
7.1 Introduction 107
7.2 Heavy Metals and Hyperaccumulation 109
7.2.1 Characteristics of Hyperaccumulator Plants 110
7.2.2 Hyperaccumulation and Photosynthesis 112
7.3 Heavy Metals and Chloroplast Structure 113
7.4 Heavy Metals and Gas‐Exchange 115
7.5 Heavy Metals and Photosynthetic Pigments 115
7.6 Heavy Metals and Photosystems (PSI and PSII) 117
7.7 Heavy Metals and Key Photosynthetic Enzymes 120
7.8 Heavy Metals and Antioxidant Defense Mechanism of the Photosynthetic
System 121
7.9 Conclusion and Further Prospects 123
References 125
viii Contents
8 Toward Understanding the Regulation of Photosynthesis under Abiotic
Stresses: Recent Developments 135
Syed Sarfraz Hussain
8.1 Introduction: Abiotic Stresses, Photosynthesis and Plant Productivity 135
8.1.1 Impact of Abiotic Stress on the Photosynthetic System of Plants 137
8.1.2 Drought Stress 137
8.1.3 Salinity Stress 139
8.1.4 Cold Stress 142
8.1.5 Heat Stress 144
8.2 Overexpression of Photosynthesis Related Genes and Transcription
Factors 145
8.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 146
References 147
9 Current Understanding of the Regulatory Roles of miRNAs for Enhancing
Photosynthesis in Plants Under Environmental Stresses 163
Syed Sarfraz Hussain, Meeshaw Hussain, Muhammad Irfan, and Bujun Shi
9.1 Introduction: Interaction Between miRNAs and Plant Growth/Functional
Diversity of miRNAs and Their Impact in Plant Growth 163
9.2 miRNAs Involved in Photosynthesis and Other Downstream Biological
Processes 165
9.3 Abiotic Stresses Drastically Affect Photosynthesis and Plant
Productivity 166
9.4 Genome Wide miRNA Profiling Under Abiotic Stresses 168
9.5 Functional Characterization of miRNAs Associated
with Photosynthesis 170
9.6 miRNAs and Shoot/Tiller Development 172
9.7 miRNAs in Root Development 173
9.8 miRNAs in Controlling Stomatal Density 175
9.9 miRNAs in Hormone Signaling 175
9.10 miRNAs in Controlling Nodule Development in Leguminous Crops 176
9.11 Conclusion and Future Perspective 177
References 178
10 Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria Mediated Regulation of Secondary Metabolites
for Proper Photosynthesis in Maize Under Stress 197
Yachana Jha
10.1 Introduction 197
10.2 Isolation and Inoculation of Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria 198
10.2.1 Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria Mediated Regulation of Nutrients
for Secondary Metabolites Production and Photosynthesis 200
10.2.2 Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria Mediated Regulation of Chlorophyll Content
for Secondary Metabolites Production and Photosynthesis 201
10.2.3 Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria Mediated Regulation of Carbon/Sugar
Metabolites for Secondary Metabolites Production
and Photosynthesis 203
