The Biology of Human Starvation

794 Pages·1950·49.942 MB·English

by  Ancel Keys, Josef Brožek, Austin Henschel, Olaf Mickelsen, Henry Longstreet Taylor

The Biology of Human Starvation
SI2 S24 RI2 R33 R58
THE MAJOR COMPARTMENTS, AS WEIGHT, OF THE BODY OF YOUNG MEN IN THE NORMAL
STATE OF NUTRITION, IN SEMI-STARVATION, AND IN SUBSEQUENT REHABILITATION.
Columns: C = control (pre-starvation); S12 and S24 = 12 and 24 weeks of semi-
starvation; R12, R33, and R58 — 12, 33, and 58 weeks of rehabilitation. Compart-
ments: B = bone mineral; P = blood plasma; E = erythrocytes; I = interstitial fluid
(thiocyanate space less plasma volume); A = active tissue (total body weight less the
other indicated compartments). See Chapter 15.
The Biology of
HUMAN STARVATION
by
ANGEL KEYS
JOSEF BROZEK AUSTIN HENSCHEL
OLAF MICKELSEN
HENRY LONGSTREET TAYLOR
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
Ernst Simonson, Angie Sturgeon Skinner, and Samuel M. Wells
OF THE LABORATORY OF PHYSIOLOGICAL HYGIENE
SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
With Forewords by
]. C. Drummond, Russell M. Wilder, and Charles Glen King
and Robert R. Williams
VOLUME I
THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA PRESS • MINNEAPOLIS
LONDON • GEOFFREY CUMBEHLEGE • OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
Copyright 1950 by the
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
All rights reserved. No part of this book
may be reproduced in any form without
the written permission of the publisher.
Permission is hereby granted to reviewers
to quote brief passages in a review to be
printed in a magazine or newspaper.
PRINTED AT THE NORTH CENTRAL PUBLISHING COMPANY, ST. PAUL
Contents for Volume I
Background
1. THE HISTORY OF STARVATION 3
2. THE SOURCES OF EVIDENCE AND INFORMATION 18
3. THE CARNEGIE NUTRITION LABORATORY EXPERIMENT 34
4. GENERAL FEATURES OF THE MINNESOTA EXPERIMENT 63
Morphology
5. SIGNIFICANCE AND LIMITATIONS OF MORPHOLOGICAL DATA... 81
6. BODY WEIGHT 84
7. PHYSICAL APPEARANCE AND EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS 130
8. BODY FAT 161
9. MORPHOLOGY OF SOME ORGANS AND TISSUES 184
10. MORPHOLOGY OF THE HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS 198
11. MORPHOLOGY OF THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS 209
12. BONES AND TEETH 218
13. SKIN AND HAIR 233
14. BLOOD MORPHOLOGY, INCLUDING BONE MARROW 248
15. COMPARTMENTS OF THE BODY 273
vii
viii CONTENTS FOR VOLUME I
Biochemistry
16. NATURE OF THE BIOCHEMICAL PROBLEMS 289
17. BASAL METABOLISM 303
18. ENERGY AND PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS OF NORMAL PERSONS. .. 340
19. TOTAL ENERGY EXCHANGE AND NITROGEN BALANCE 365
20. NITROGEN METABOLISM 398
21. VITAMINS AND VITAMIN METABOLISM 445
22. LIPID METABOLISM 484
23. MINERAL METABOLISM 515
24. CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM 535
Physiology
25. NATURE OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS 575
26. THE GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM 587
27. RESPIRATION 601
28. CIRCULATION AND CARDIAC FUNCTION 607
29. FAINTING AND THE CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSE TO POSTURE.. 635
30. THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM 643
31. RENAL FUNCTION 664
32. SPECIAL SENSES 675
33. NEUROMUSCULAR FUNCTIONS AND MOTOR PERFORMANCE 689
34. THE CAPACITY FOR WORK 714
35. SEXUAL FUNCTION 749
Contents for Volume II
PSYCHOLOGY: Psychological Problems in Starvation; Behavior and Complaints
in Natural Starvation; Behavior and Complaints in Experimental Starvation and
Rehabilitation; Intellective Functions; Personality; Psychological Case Studies;
Psychological Effects — Interpretation and Synthesis.
SPECIAL PROBLEMS: The Edema Problem; Anorexia Nervosa and Pituitary
Cachexia; Growth and Development; Infectious Diseases and Undernutrition;
Tuberculosis; Diabetes Mellitus and Undernutrition; Cancer and Other Neo-
plasms; Diets for Rehabilitation, with Special Reference to the Minnesota Ex-
periment.
APPENDIXES: Methods; Detailed Data from the Minnesota Experiment; War-
time Diets and Rations; Some Notable Famines in History.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
INDEX
IX
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Forewords