Table Of ContentThermodynamics
Concepts and Applications
SECOND EDITION
Fullyrevisedtomatchthemoretraditionalsequenceofcoursematerials,thisfull-color
second edition presents the basicprinciples and methods of thermodynamics using a
clear and engaging style and awealth of end-of-chapter problems.
It includes five new chapters on topics such as mixtures, psychrometry, chemical
equilibrium, andcombustion;andthediscussionofthesecondlawofthermodynam-
ics has been expanded and divided into two chapters, allowing instructors to intro-
ducethetopicusingeitherthecycleanalysisinChapter6orthedefinitionofentropy
in Chapter 7.
Online ancillaries, including a password-protected solutions manual, figures in
electronic format, prepared PowerPoint lecture slides, and instructional videos, are
availableat www.cambridge.org/thermo.
STEPHEN R.TURNS isProfessorEmeritusofMechanicalEngineeringatThePennsylva-
nia State University. His research interests include combustion-generated air pollu-
tion, other combustion-related topics, and engineering education pedagogy. Turns
wastherecipientofthe2009ASEEMechanicalEngineeringDivisionRalphCoatsRoe
AwardandhasbeentherecipientofseveralteachingawardsatPennsylvaniaState.He
istheauthorofAnIntroductiontoCombustion:ConceptsandApplications,3rdedn(also
appearinginChinese,Korean,andPortugueseeditions),andofThermal-FluidSciences:
An Integrated Approach. Turns is a fellow of the American Society of Mechanical
Engineering (ASME).
LAURA L. PAULEY is Professor of Mechanical Engineering at The Pennsylvania State
University. She teaches courses in the thermal sciences and conducts research in
engineeringeducationandcomputationalfluiddynamics.Pauleyhasworkedongrants
focusingonaspectsofengineeringeducationincludingclassroomexperiments,presen-
tationskills,andtheclimateforwomeninengineering. Shehasalsoinitiatedeffortsin
curriculum reform and experimental case studies for required courses in mechanical
engineering. She is the recipient of the Undergraduate Program Leadership Award
(2003)andwasselectedasthefirstArthurL.GlennProfessorofEngineeringEducation.
PauleyisafellowoftheAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineering(ASME).
Thermodynamics
Concepts and Applications
SECOND EDITION
Stephen R. Turns
The Pennsylvania State University
Laura L. Pauley
The Pennsylvania State University
UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom
OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,NY10006,USA
477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,VIC3207,Australia
314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre,NewDelhi–110025,India
79AnsonRoad,#06–04/06,Singapore079906
CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge.
ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof
education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence.
www.cambridge.org
Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107179714
DOI:10.1017/9781316840979
©StephenR.TurnsandLauraL.Pauley2020
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten
permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished2020
PrintedinSingaporebyMarkonoPrintMediaPteLtd
AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Turns,StephenR.,author.|Pauley,LauraL.,author.
Title:Thermodynamics:conceptsandapplications/StephenR.Turns(PennsylvaniaState
University),LauraL.Pauley(PennsylvaniaStateUniversity).
Description:Secondedition.|Cambridge;NewYork,NY:CambridgeUniversityPress,2018.|
Includesindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2018030834|ISBN9781107179714(hardback:alk.paper)
Subjects:LCSH:Thermodynamics.|Fluidmechanics.
Classification:LCCTJ265.T862018|DDC621.402/1–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2018030834
ISBN978-1-107-17971-4Hardback
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracy
ofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication
anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,
accurateorappropriate.
Thermodynamics
Concepts and Applications
SECOND EDITION
Fullyrevisedtomatchthemoretraditionalsequenceofcoursematerials,thisfull-color
second edition presents the basicprinciples and methods of thermodynamics using a
clear and engaging style and awealth of end-of-chapter problems.
It includes five new chapters on topics such as mixtures, psychrometry, chemical
equilibrium, andcombustion;andthediscussionofthesecondlawofthermodynam-
ics has been expanded and divided into two chapters, allowing instructors to intro-
ducethetopicusingeitherthecycleanalysisinChapter6orthedefinitionofentropy
in Chapter 7.
Online ancillaries, including a password-protected solutions manual, figures in
electronic format, prepared PowerPoint lecture slides, and instructional videos, are
availableat www.cambridge.org/thermo.
STEPHEN R.TURNS isProfessorEmeritusofMechanicalEngineeringatThePennsylva-
nia State University. His research interests include combustion-generated air pollu-
tion, other combustion-related topics, and engineering education pedagogy. Turns
wastherecipientofthe2009ASEEMechanicalEngineeringDivisionRalphCoatsRoe
AwardandhasbeentherecipientofseveralteachingawardsatPennsylvaniaState.He
istheauthorofAnIntroductiontoCombustion:ConceptsandApplications,3rdedn(also
appearinginChinese,Korean,andPortugueseeditions),andofThermal-FluidSciences:
An Integrated Approach. Turns is a fellow of the American Society of Mechanical
Engineering (ASME).
LAURA L. PAULEY is Professor of Mechanical Engineering at The Pennsylvania State
University. She teaches courses in the thermal sciences and conducts research in
engineeringeducationandcomputationalfluiddynamics.Pauleyhasworkedongrants
focusingonaspectsofengineeringeducationincludingclassroomexperiments,presen-
tationskills,andtheclimateforwomeninengineering. Shehasalsoinitiatedeffortsin
curriculum reform and experimental case studies for required courses in mechanical
engineering. She is the recipient of the Undergraduate Program Leadership Award
(2003)andwasselectedasthefirstArthurL.GlennProfessorofEngineeringEducation.
PauleyisafellowoftheAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineering(ASME).
Thermodynamics
Concepts and Applications
SECOND EDITION
Stephen R. Turns
The Pennsylvania State University
Laura L. Pauley
The Pennsylvania State University
UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom
OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,NY10006,USA
477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,VIC3207,Australia
314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre,NewDelhi–110025,India
79AnsonRoad,#06–04/06,Singapore079906
CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge.
ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof
education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence.
www.cambridge.org
Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107179714
DOI:10.1017/9781316840979
©StephenR.TurnsandLauraL.Pauley2020
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten
permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished2020
PrintedinSingaporebyMarkonoPrintMediaPteLtd
AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Turns,StephenR.,author.|Pauley,LauraL.,author.
Title:Thermodynamics:conceptsandapplications/StephenR.Turns(PennsylvaniaState
University),LauraL.Pauley(PennsylvaniaStateUniversity).
Description:Secondedition.|Cambridge;NewYork,NY:CambridgeUniversityPress,2018.|
Includesindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2018030834|ISBN9781107179714(hardback:alk.paper)
Subjects:LCSH:Thermodynamics.|Fluidmechanics.
Classification:LCCTJ265.T862018|DDC621.402/1–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2018030834
ISBN978-1-107-17971-4Hardback
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracy
ofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication
anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,
accurateorappropriate.
This book is dedicated to Peter Gordon (SRT)
and to
Anne, Mark, and Eric Pauley (LLP).
Brief Contents
Preface xix
Acknowledgements xxvi
Conversion Factors xxvii
Nomenclature xxix
1 Beginnings 1
2 ThermodynamicProperties, Property Relationships, and Processes 39
3 Conservationof Mass 145
4 Energy andEnergy Transfer 196
5 First Lawof Thermodynamics 254
6 Second Lawof Thermodynamics and Someof ItsConsequences 317
7 Entropyand Availability 354
8 Thermal-Fluid Analysis ofSteady-FlowDevices 452
9 Systems forPower Production, Propulsion, Heating, and Cooling 525
10 Ideal-GasMixtures 635
11 Air–Vapor Mixtures 660
12 Reacting Systems 699
13 Chemical andPhase Equilibrium 759
AppendixA Timeline 797
AppendixB Thermodynamic Properties of H O 802
2
AppendixC Thermodynamic andThermo-PhysicalProperties ofAir 825
AppendixD Thermodynamic Properties of Ideal Gases andCarbon 830
AppendixE Various Thermodynamic Data 845
AppendixF Thermo-PhysicalProperties ofSelected Gases at 1atm 846
AppendixG Thermo-PhysicalProperties ofSelected Liquids 852
AppendixH Thermo-Physical Properties of HydrocarbonFuels 858
AppendixI Psychrometric Charts 862
Index 864
Contents
Preface to the Second Edition xix
Preface to the First Edition xxiii
Acknowledgements to the Second Edition xxvi
Conversion Factors xxvii
Nomenclature xxix
1 Beginnings 1
LearningObjectives 1
Overview 1
1.1 What IsThermodynamics? 1
1.2 Some Applications 2
1.2a Steam Power Plants 2
1.2b Spark-IgnitionEngines 8
1.2c Jet Engines 9
1.3 Learning Thermodynamics 11
1.4 Physical Frameworks for Analysis 13
1.4a Closed Systems 13
1.4b Open Systems (orControl Volumes) 14
1.5 Key Concepts and Definitions 16
1.5a Properties 16
1.5b States 16
1.5c Processes 17
1.5d Cycles 18
1.5e Equilibriumand the Quasi-Equilibrium Process 19
1.6 Dimensionsand Units 21
1.7 Problem-Solving Method 24
1.8 Mathematical Skills to Review 25
Summary 25
Key Concepts and DefinitionsChecklist 26
References 26
Problems 27
2 Thermodynamic Properties,Property Relationships, andProcesses 39
LearningObjectives 39
Overview 39
2.1 Why Properties Are Important in Our Study 39
2.2 Key Definitions 40
